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Class MAGNOLIOPSIDA

Description: The Magnoliopsida are terrestrial, epiphytic or aquatic vascular plants which form flowers and reproduce sexually by seeds enclosed in an ovary. The sporophyte consists of true roots, stems and true leaves which are either simple, variously compound or sometimes reduced and scale-like and are alternate, opposite or whorled.

The flowers include the often showy petals and sepals as well as the sexual reproductive structures. The two distinct phases of the life cycle are not readily apparent as the gametophytes are microscopic and formed in the stamens and carpels. The pollen grains (microspores) are produced within the anthers and transferred to the stigma of the carpel. This process (pollination) is effected by various vectors Including wind, water, insects and larger animals; many flowers are specialized for a particular agent. After pollination and fertilization in the ovule of the egg cell (formed by the megaspore) by the sperm (formed in the pollen grain) the seed develops.

Seeds are protected by the ovary wall (pericarp) in the fruiting stage and the embryo has one or two cotyledons. After dispersal of the fruit and/or seed and its germination the new sporophyte is formed

Distribution and occurrence: World: c. 470 families; 13,700 genera; 240,000 species, cosmopolitan. Australia: c. 230 families, 2600 genera;18,000 species, all States.

Text by G. J. Harden
Taxon concept:

	Key to the class MAGNOLIOPSIDA
1	Carnivorous plants: either with glandular hairs on the leaves, or with bladders 1–2 mm long borne on submerged or subterranean leaves (If carnivorous leaves are tubular 'pitchers', as in pitcher plants, see SARRACENIACEAE)	2
	Plants not carnivorous	4
2	Leaves with glandular hairs, leaves either borne in a rosette, or erect and divided into 2 branches, or on aerial stems; flowers actinomorphic	DROSERACEAE
	Leaves modified into insect-trapping bladders, borne in water in aquatic species, or on underground leaves; flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic Back to 1	3
3	Leaves alternate; flowers actinomorphic	DROSERACEAE
	Leaves whorled; flowers zygomorphic Back to 2	LENTIBULARIACEAE
4	Waterplants: either plants floating on or in water, or plants totally submerged in water or plants rooted in saline mud or in ± permanent water with the upper leaves and flowers in the air	5
	Plants neither floating on nor growing in water Back to 1	104
5	Woody plants – trees or shrubs growing in saline mud (mangroves) or ± permanent water	6
	Plants not woody Back to 4	18
6	Mangroves – woody plants growing in saline mud or estuaries	7
	Woody plants growing in ± permanent water, either fresh or brackish but rarely saline Back to 5	12
7	Leaves opposite	8
	Leaves alternate Back to 6	10
8	Interpetiolar stipules present on the youngest stems, falling as the leaves mature; leaves crowded, internodes mostly <1 cm long; ovary inferior	RHIZOPHORACEAE
	Stipules absent; leaves not crowded, internodes >2 cm long; ovary superior Back to 7	9
9	Pneumatophores present; leaves white-hairy below; a common mangrove	AVICENNIACEAE
	Pneumatophores absent; leaves glabrous; not common, shrubs on the inland side of mangrove communities Back to 8	VERBENACEAE
10	Shoots with stipules 20–30 mm long; leaves palmately veined, densely white-hairy on lower surface	MALVACEAE
	Stipules absent or very small; leaves pinnately veined, glabrous Back to 7	11
11	Milky latex present in broken twigs and petioles; 2 or 3 small glands present at base of lamina	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Milky latex absent; glands not present on lamina Back to 10	PRIMULACEAE
12	Branchlets photosynthetic; leaves apparently absent – leaves either scale-like, or present only on new growth	13
	Branchlets not photosynthetic; leaves normally developed, persistent or sometimes seasonally deciduous Back to 6	14
13	Trees or shrubs, branchlets often drooping; leaves scale-like, whorled	CASUARINACEAE
	Shrubs with stiff, intertwining branches; leaves absent or present only on new growth, alternate Back to 12	POLYGONACEAE
14	Leaves >1 m long, compound	ARECACEAE
	Leaves <20 cm long, simple Back to 12	15
15	Trees with papery bark; leaves with several longitudinal veins	MYRTACEAE
	Trees or shrubs, bark not papery; leaves with only one longitudinal vein Back to 14	16
16	Trees	SALICACEAE
	Shrubs Back to 15	17
17	Plants hairy; leaves >5 mm wide	ONAGRACEAE
	Plants glabrous; leaves <5 mm wide Back to 16	POLYGONACEAE
18	Either herbs free-floating and not attached to the substrate, or herbs attached at edge of water with stems floating over the water surface	19
	Herbs rooted in substrate but not attached at edge of water with stems floating over the water surface Back to 5	37
19	Plants free-floating, not attached to substrate or margin	20
	Plants attached to substrate near margin of water and stems extending out over surface of water Back to 18	30
20	All or most of the vegetative parts of the plant (except for roots or root-like structures) floating on the surface of the water	21
	All or most of the vegetative parts of the plant floating below the surface of the water Back to 19	25
21	Plant-body usually <10 mm long, often <5 mm long; roots absent or hair-like; inflorescence minute, flowers unisexual (former Lemnaceae taxa)	ARACEAE
	Plants always >5 cm long in at least one dimension; roots present, not hair-like; flowers bisexual or unisexual or absent Back to 20	22
22	Petioles usually >5 cm long and inflated	PONTEDERIACEAE
	Petioles absent or not inflated Back to 21	23
23	Flowering plants (sometimes reproducing vegetatively); leaves simple	24
	Flowers never produced, reproduction by spores or vegetatively; leaves simple or divided Back to 22	FILICOPSIDA
24	Leaves 6–15 cm long, 4–8 cm wide with 7–15 ridges, closely overlapping	ARACEAE
	Leaves generally <6 cm long, without conspicuous ridges Back to 23	AMARANTHACEAE
25	Leaves opposite or whorled	26
	Leaves alternate and either leaves 2-lobed from base, or plant body very small Back to 20	29
26	Leaves modified into animal traps with basal sensitive bristles	DROSERACEAE
	Animal traps and sensitive bristles absent Back to 25	27
27	Leaves simple and unbranched	HYDROCHARITACEAE
	Leaves much branched Back to 26	28
28	All divisions of leaves dichotomous, ultimate segments toothed	CERATOPHYLLACEAE
	Initial division of leaves trichotomous or more, subsequent divisions dichotomous, ultimate segments not toothed Back to 27	CABOMBACEAE
29	Animal traps present and obvious; plants >2 cm long	LENTIBULARIACEAE
	Animal traps absent; plant body usually <1 cm long (former Lemnaceae taxa) Back to 25	ARACEAE
30	Leaves peltate	31
	Leaves not peltate Back to 19	32
31	Flowers yellow; no mucilage on leaves	APIACEAE
	Flowers maroon; mucilage on leaves Back to 30	CABOMBACEAE
32	Leaves opposite	33
	Leaves alternate Back to 30	34
33	Leaves 10–20 mm wide, ± sessile	AMARANTHACEAE
	Leaves >20 mm wide, petiole >10 mm long Back to 32	ASTERACEAE
34	Ocreae (sheaths of fused stipules) present around the petioles and stems	POLYGONACEAE
	Ocreae absent Back to 32	35
35	Leaves with numerous longitudinal veins; base of lamina cordate; flowers blue	PONTEDERIACEAE
	Leaves pinnately veined; base of lamina sagittate, hastate or attenuate; flowers yellow, pink or white Back to 34	36
36	Leaves with lamina ± triangular, base hastate or sagittate, apex acute; flowers pink to ± white	CONVOLVULACEAE
	Leaves with lamina ± elliptic, base attenuate, apex rounded; flowers yellow Back to 35	ONAGRACEAE
37	Leaves emergent, flowers emergent; sometimes plant ± completely emergent	38
	Leaves submerged or floating on the surface, flowers submerged or emergent Back to 18	74
38	Plants with long, narrow leaves, many times longer than wide, often grass-like	39
	Plants with leaves only, at most, a few to several times longer than wide; plants not grass-like Back to 37	51
39	Plants ± grass-like and flowers without true perianth and subtended by one or more bracts (glumes, lemmas or paleas) and organized into characteristic spikelets; leaves flat or terete	40
	Plants not grass-like or if grass-like then flowers with true perianth (hard and scarious or petaloid) or flowers arranged in spikelets; leaves various, sometimes reduced to open sheaths on stems Back to 38	43
40	Flowers unisexual, in a group surrounded by 4 spreading bracts	HYDATELLACEAE
	Flowers bisexual or unisexual, each flower or group of fused unisexual flowers subtended and often enclosed by a bract Back to 39	41
41	Fruit dehiscent, splitting on one side to release a smooth translucent seed	CENTROLEPIDACEAE
	Fruit indehiscent Back to 40	42
42	Flowers subtended by a single bract (glume) and variously arranged into spikelets; leaves mostly with closed sheath and mostly without ligules	CYPERACEAE
	Flowers enclosed by a lemma and palea and these variously arranged in characteristic spikelets and mostly subtended by sterile glumes; leaves usually with open sheaths and ligules present although these often much reduced Back to 41	POACEAE
43	Perianth dry and scarious, flowers or flower clusters in open paniculate inflorescences; leaves flat, terete or reduced to sheaths; flowers usually bisexual	JUNCACEAE
	Perianth of various forms but not dry and scarious, flowers rarely arranged in open paniculate inflorescences and then flowers unisexual Back to 39	44
44	Leaves on adult plants reduced to open sheaths which sometimes bear a small ± linear lamina; flowers usually unisexual and plants mostly dioecious	RESTIONACEAE
	Leaves not reduced to open sheaths; flowers bisexual or unisexual and plants monoecious Back to 43	45
45	Flowers unisexual with both sexes aggregated into small dense heads surrounded by 2 awned bracts; leaves all basal, linear, <8 cm long	ERIOCAULACEAE
	Flowers bisexual or unisexual and male and female flowers separated in same inflorescence; leaves >8 cm long, not all basal, linear Back to 44	46
46	Stems and often margins of leaf bases hairy; flowers yellow, conspicuous	PHILYDRACEAE
	Neither stems nor leaf bases obviously hairy; flowers white, greenish or brown, often inconspicuous Back to 45	47
47	Leaves septate-cylindric, constricted slightly at each septum	APIACEAE
	Leaves not septate-cylindric Back to 46	48
48	Leaves inflated and spongy when fresh; flowers bisexual	JUNCAGINACEAE
	Leaves neither inflated nor spongy; flowers unisexual, plants monoecious Back to 47	49
49	Inflorescence open, flowers on clearly visible pedicels, inflorescence axis visible between flowers; flowers >10 mm diam	ALISMATACEAE
	Flowers arranged in dense elongated or globose heads; individual flower pedicels not visible; inflorescence axis visible between clusters but not between individual flowers; individual flowers <5 mm diam Back to 48	50
50	Inflorescence dense, spike-like; male flowers above, female flowers below, ± separated by a portion of stem	TYPHACEAE
	Inflorescence of dense globose clusters arranged along the axis; upper clusters male, lower clusters female Back to 49	SPARGANIACEAE
51	Leaves compound and/or lobed	52
	Leaves simple, reduced or absent Back to 38	55
52	Leaves palmately lobed or divided, rarely pinnate and then usually with only 2 pairs of pinnae; flowers yellow, solitary, distinctly stalked	RANUNCULACEAE
	Leaves pinnately lobed or divided; flowers white, reddish or greenish, in umbels or racemes or ± solitary and sessile in spike-like inflorescences Back to 51	53
53	Flowers in umbels; crushed leaves smelling like carrot leaves; plants only rarely growing in water	APIACEAE
	Flowers not in umbels; crushed leaves not smelling like carrot leaves; plants mostly growing in water Back to 52	54
54	Widest leaves or leaf segments >5 mm wide; flowers white, pedicellate, in racemes	BRASSICACEAE
	Leaves and leaf segments <3 mm wide; flowers red, white or greenish, ± sessile in axils of leaves forming a spike-like inflorescence Back to 53	HALORAGACEAE
55	Leaves reduced to sheaths on aerial stems	56
	Leaves not reduced to sheaths on stems Back to 51	58
56	Sheaths open	57
	Sheaths closed Back to 55	CYPERACEAE
57	Perianth dry and scarious, flowers or flower clusters in open paniculate inflorescences; flowers usually bisexual	JUNCACEAE
	Perianth of various forms but not dry and scarious, flowers usually unisexual and plants mostly dioecious Back to 56	RESTIONACEAE
58	Leaves all basal	59
	Leaves spread along the stem, basal leaves sometimes also present, or leaves absent Back to 55	63
59	Lamina ± circular with a radial slit, petiole attached near centre of lamina	NYMPHAEACEAE
	Lamina not ± circular and/or petiole attached towards margin Back to 58	60
60	Plants without horizontal rhizomes or stolons	ALISMATACEAE
	Plants with horizontal rhizomes or stolons Back to 59	61
61	Lamina <10 cm long; mature plants <30 cm high; flowers white	HYDROCHARITACEAE
	Lamina >10 cm long; mature plants >50 cm high; flowers white or blue Back to 60	62
62	Longitudinal veins usually <10 (always <20) and midrib well defined, cross veins obvious; flowers white	ALISMATACEAE
	Longitudinal veins numerous, usually >20, midrib not well defined, cross veins obscure; flowers blue Back to 61	PONTEDERIACEAE
63	Leaves with an ocrea (sheathing stipule); leaves alternate or absent	POLYGONACEAE
	Leaves without an ocrea but leaf bases sometimes winged and half encircling stem; leaves opposite, whorled or alternate Back to 58	64
64	Leaves opposite or whorled	65
	Leaves alternate Back to 63	70
65	Flowers in heads; leaves >20 mm wide, petiole mostly >10 mm long	ASTERACEAE
	Flowers solitary or in cymes, spikes or racemes; leaves <20 mm wide, sessile or petiole <10 mm long (sometimes to 15 cm long in Limosella) Back to 64	66
66	Flowers in terminal spikes, pink to purple	LYTHRACEAE
	Flowers solitary or in cymes or racemes, white, blue, red-brown or petals translucent Back to 65	67
67	Leaves united at base, sessile and <3 mm wide, lamina linear to oblong; corolla white or red-brown, 4-lobed, lobes ± equal	68
	Leaves not united at base, either petiolate, or lamina >3 mm wide, oblanceolate to ± obovate; corolla white to blue, 5-lobed, or 4-lobed and then lobes unequal Back to 66	SCROPHULARIACEAE
68	Flowers unisexual, plants dioecious; corolla red-brown or translucent; aerial stems to 1 m high	RUBIACEAE
	Flowers bisexual; corolla white; aerial stems <20 cm high Back to 67	69
69	Flowers in few-flowered cymes; corolla tube split to base on one side	PORTULACACEAE
	Flowers solitary; corolla tube not split on one side Back to 68	CRASSULACEAE
70	Leaves without obvious petioles, leaves either sessile or linear to spathulate; flowers pink, blue, purple or white	71
	Leaves with obvious petioles, neither linear nor spathulate; flowers yellow Back to 64	73
71	Leaves sessile, without a winged base; flowers solitary in axils, blue, pink or purple	LYTHRACEAE
	Leaves linear or spathulate with a winged base half encircling the stem; flowers solitary and/or in heads, blue, pink or white Back to 70	72
72	Plants <20 cm high; flowers in 1–few-flowered cymes, white	PORTULACACEAE
	Plants 40–200 cm high; flowers in heads, white, blue or pink Back to 71	ASTERACEAE
73	Flowers in large panicles; leaves glabrous, without stipules	MENYANTHACEAE
	Flowers solitary, axillary; leaves either with small stipules and/or stems and leaves hairy Back to 70	ONAGRACEAE
74	At least some leaves always floating on surface of water, flowers (if present) emergent, often some leaves submerged	75
	Most leaves completely submerged, some leaves may be emergent or floating when plant flowering Back to 37	82
75	Leaves simple, peltate with petiole attached near centre of lamina; lamina ± circular, often with a radial slit	76
	Leaves compound or simple and not peltate or rarely petiole attached near the margin of the lamina; lamina broad-lanceolate, elliptic, ovate or obovate Back to 74	78
76	Leaves without a radial slit, margin entire	CABOMBACEAE
	Leaves with a radial slit, margin entire to toothed Back to 75	77
77	Leaves all basal arising from a corm or buried horizontal rhizome; petals numerous	NYMPHAEACEAE
	Leaves arising along a floating horizontal stolon; petals 5 Back to 76	MENYANTHACEAE
78	Leaves compound, pinnae 4, sessile, at apex of long petiole, floating on surface of water	FILICOPSIDA
	Leaves simple Back to 75	79
79	Leaves attached along trailing stem; submerged leaves different from floating leaves (that is, leaves dimorphic)	POTAMOGETONACEAE
	Leaves all basal; leaves either all similar or dimorphic Back to 78	80
80	Plants forming deeply buried tubers; inflorescence many-flowered	APONOGETONACEAE
	Plants not forming deeply buried tubers; flowers solitary Back to 79	81
81	Leaves with base ± cordate; lamina >20 mm wide and with 5–7 longitudinal veins	HYDROCHARITACEAE
	Leaves with base tapering into petiole; lamina <20 mm wide, venation obscure or only midvein visible Back to 80	SCROPHULARIACEAE
82	Submerged leaves compound or deeply lobed	83
	Submerged leaves simple and entire Back to 74	85
83	Submerged leaves pinnately divided; emergent leaves pinnately divided or entire	HALORAGACEAE
	Submerged leaves dichotomously or trichotomously divided Back to 82	84
84	Submerged leaves opposite or whorled; floating leaves if present peltate	CABOMBACEAE
	Submerged leaves alternate; all leaves divided into linear segments Back to 83	RANUNCULACEAE
85	Plants of marine, estuarine or brackish habitats	86
	Plants of freshwater habitats Back to 82	91
86	Leaves elliptic to ± oblong	HYDROCHARITACEAE
	Leaves elongated, filiform to linear, grass-like Back to 85	87
87	Leaves >8 mm wide, linear	POSIDONIACEAE
	Leaves <8 mm wide, filiform to linear Back to 86	88
88	Flowers bisexual; flowers in pairs, flowering peduncle >4 cm long	POTAMOGETONACEAE
	Flowers unisexual; flowers mostly sessile and solitary or in elongated inflorescences ± sessile in axils of leaves Back to 87	89
89	Plants marine; pollen grains thread-like	90
	Plants of brackish or ephemeral saline pools (not marine); pollen grains ± globose Back to 88	ZANNICHELLIACEAE
90	Flowers solitary; plants dioecious	CYMODOCEACEAE
	Flowers in rows in a flattened spadix enclosed in a spathe; plants monoecious Back to 89	ZOSTERACEAE
91	Leaves all basal	92
	Leaves arising along stems Back to 85	95
92	Leaves with lamina stiff, ± cylindrical; plants reproducing by spores, flowers never produced	ISOETACEAE
	Leaves with lamina soft, flattened, grass-like; plants flowering when mature but flowers usually not present in submerged immature growth Back to 91	93
93	Stolons present	HYDROCHARITACEAE
	Stolons never formed Back to 92	94
94	Plants producing a well-buried corm, leaves arising from the apex of the corm	APONOGETONACEAE
	Plants not producing a corm, roots superficial, arising from near leaf bases Back to 93	HYDROCHARITACEAE
95	Plants not producing flattened leaves; branches in whorls, secondary branches ± whorled and ± leaf-like; often encrusted with lime; plants not flowering, reproducing by spores (Chara & Nitella - algae not in this Flora)	CHARACEAE
	Plants producing leaves with flattened lamina, leaves often flat, narrow, linear and grass-like; rarely lime-encrusted; mature plants producing flowers Back to 91	96
96	Leaves alternate	97
	Leaves opposite or whorled Back to 95	100
97	Leaves with stipular sheath (or ligule) extending above junction of lamina and basal sheath	98
	Leaves with basal sheath not extending above junction of sheath with lamina, no stipular sheath or ligule above but auricles sometimes present Back to 96	99
98	Leaves with lamina mostly >1 mm wide; perennials with rhizomes, often with tough stems; leaves with a stipular sheath or base of lamina stem-clasping	POTAMOGETONACEAE
	Leaves with lamina mostly <1 mm wide; usually delicate annuals, stems weak; leaves with a stipular sheath Back to 97	ZANNICHELLIACEAE
99	Leaves with 2 short auricles at base	POTAMOGETONACEAE
	Leaves without auricles Back to 97	CYPERACEAE
100	Leaves opposite and lamina expanded	101
	Leaves usually whorled, lamina filiform or linear Back to 96	103
101	Leaves with 3 or more longitudinal veins arising from near the base of lamina and re-uniting below apex; flowers unisexual	CALLITRICHACEAE
	Leaves with only 1 longitudinal vein visible or venation obscure; flowers bisexual Back to 100	102
102	Leaves entire, shortly petiolate with 2 stipules at base, lateral veins ending in minute glands	ELATINACEAE
	Leaves toothed and stem-clasping or entire with relatively long petioles, stipules absent Back to 101	SCROPHULARIACEAE
103	Leaves opposite or ± whorled, lamina with a short, expanded sheath-like base	NAJADACEAE
	Leaves whorled, sessile, without an expanded sheath-like base Back to 100	HYDROCHARITACEAE
104	Plants either climbing, or epiphytic on other plants, or ± parasitic on the aerial parts of other plants	105
	Plants neither climbing nor epiphytic nor parasitic on aerial parts of other plants Back to 4	206
105	Epiphytes, parasites, or hemiparasites, plants not rooted in the soil	106
	Climbing or twining plants with roots in the soil Back to 104	118
106	Rootless parasites or hemiparasites on the aerial parts of other plants	107
	Plants epiphytic but not parasitic on other plants Back to 105	110
107	Stems thread-like, leafless or almost so, forming Rtangled masses over the host and attached to the host by haustoria	108
	Stems robust, parasitic on the branches of shrubs and trees, or parasitic on another parasite Back to 106	109
108	Stems yellowish or reddish; usually parasitic on herbs; calyx and corolla distinct, with 5 segments in each whorl	CONVOLVULACEAE
	Stems green, green-red, or blackish, sometimes with brown scale leaves; usually parasitic on shrubs and trees; perianth of 6 similar segments in 2 whorls of 3 Back to 107	LAURACEAE
109	Flowers bisexual, >20 mm long; stems ± terete and leaves either terete to linear, or broad and glabrous to tomentose but hairs not stellate	LORANTHACEAE
	Flowers unisexual, <2 mm long; either stems angular, or flattened and ± leafless, or stems terete and leaves broad and stellate-tomentose Back to 107	VISCACEAE
110	Leaves opposite or whorled	111
	Leaves alternate, sometimes crowded and appearing whorled Back to 106	113
111	Leaves toothed; one leaf at each node generally much smaller than the other; flowers solitary	GESNERIACEAE
	Leaves entire; leaves at each node of similar size; inflorescence many-flowered Back to 110	112
112	Epiphytic herbs; leaves ± fleshy; inflorescence spicate; flowers <2 mm diam. (formerly Peperomiaceae)	PIPERACEAE
	Climbers; leaves thick and leathery; inflorescence umbellate; flowers >5 mm diam. (formerly Asclepiadaceae) Back to 111	APOCYNACEAE
113	Leaves compound, palmate or pinnate	ARALIACEAE
	Leaves simple Back to 110	114
114	Either leaves with several longitudinal veins, or venation obscure, or leaves terete	115
	Leaves not terete, venation apparent but with only 1 longitudinal vein (lateral veins often present also) Back to 113	116
115	Leaves terete or without a constriction above middle of leaf; pseudobulbs with velamen often present	ORCHIDACEAE
	Leaves flat and with a constriction above the middle; pseudobulbs absent Back to 114	ARACEAE
116	Leaves with midvein and several prominent secondary veins; lamina >10 mm wide and >30 mm long	117
	Leaves with only midvein apparent; lamina <10 mm wide and <30 mm long Back to 114	PSILOPSIDA
117	Milky latex exudes from broken stems; stipules present; usually epiphytic on rainforest trees	MORACEAE
	Milky latex absent; stipules absent; generally epiphytic on treeferns (formerly Quintiniaceae) Back to 116	PARACRYPHIACEAE
118	Tendrils present	119
	Tendrils absent Back to 105	130
119	Leaves with 3 or more longitudinal veins, the main veins sometimes joined by a fine reticulum	120
	Leaves with only one longitudinal vein or venation palmate, the fine venation reticulate Back to 118	123
120	Apex of leaves prolonged into a coil	121
	Apex of leaves not prolonged into a coil Back to 119	122
121	Leaves with a closed basal sheath; flowers small, inflorescence paniculate	FLAGELLARIACEAE
	Leaves with a short petiole, sheath absent; flowers large, solitary Back to 120	COLCHICACEAE
122	Tendrils borne on petiole, paired; 3 or 5 longitudinal veins joined by obvious fine reticulum; inflorescence umbel-like; fruit black	SMILACACEAE
	Tendrils on stem opposite the leaves, solitary; longitudinal veins not conspicuously joined by fine reticulum; inflorescence paniculate; fruit red Back to 120	PETERMANNIACEAE
123	Leaves compound	124
	Leaves simple, often deeply lobed Back to 119	128
124	Leaves pinnately compound with an even number of pinnae (2–20)	125
	Leaves compound with an odd number of pinnae (3–9), leaves palmate, biternate, pedate or palmately 3-foliolate Back to 123	127
125	Leaves with 4–20 pinnae; stamens 10 or 5; fruit a legume or capsule, seeds not winged	126
	Leaves with 2 pinnae; stamens 4; fruit a 2-valved follicle, seeds winged Back to 124	BIGNONIACEAE
126	Stipules present; flowers in racemes or solitary and <3 cm long; stamens 10; fruit a legume	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
	Stipules absent; flowers solitary and >5 cm long; stamens 5; fruit a capsule Back to 125	POLEMONIACEAE
127	Tendrils opposite leaves; palmate, pedate or 3-foliolate, pinnae usually 3–7; fruit a berry	VITACEAE
	Tendrils associated with inflorescence; leaves biternate with 9 pinnae; fruit an inflated capsule Back to 124	SAPINDACEAE
128	Tendrils opposite leaves; leaves pinnately veined; domatia regularly present	VITACEAE
	Tendrils in leaf axils or beside or below the petiole base; leaves palmately veined; domatia usually absent Back to 123	129
129	Tendrils strictly axillary, unbranched; petioles usually with raised glands; flowers bisexual, ovary superior	PASSIFLORACEAE
	Tendrils beside or below the base of the petiole, often branched; petioles without glands; flowers unisexual, ovary inferior Back to 128	CUCURBITACEAE
130	Leaves compound with 2 or more pinnae	131
	Leaves simple or 1-foliolate (sometimes apparently absent) Back to 118	142
131	Leaves 2- or 3-pinnate or leaves ternately divided	132
	Leaves pinnate or palmate Back to 130	135
132	Prickles present on stems and on rachises of leaves	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
	Prickles absent Back to 131	133
133	Rachis of leaves twining; leaves trailing and to several metres long; pinnae very numerous	FILICOPSIDA
	Petioles and petiolules often twining; leaves <30 cm long; pinnae usually 9–45 Back to 132	134
134	Leaves opposite, ternately divided	RANUNCULACEAE
	Leaves alternate, pinnately divided Back to 133	PAPAVERACEAE
135	Leaves opposite or rarely whorled	136
	Leaves alternate Back to 131	138
136	Leaves with 2 or 5–17 pinnae, rarely 3 or more than 13	BIGNONIACEAE
	Leaves with 3 pinnae Back to 135	137
137	Petioles and petiolules elongated and often twining around supports; domatia absent	RANUNCULACEAE
	Petioles and petiolules short and not twining; domatia often present Back to 136	OLEACEAE
138	Prickles present on stems and leaves	139
	Prickles absent Back to 135	140
139	Pinnae with longitudinal veins; prickles ± straight, fine; leaves pinnate, often >50 cm long	ARECACEAE
	Pinnae pinnately veined; prickles hooked, coarse; leaves palmate or pinnate, <20 cm long Back to 138	ROSACEAE
140	Stipules and stipels usually present, at least visible on young shoots; fruit a legume; pinnae 1–19	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
	Stipules and stipels absent; fruit a berry or drupe; pinnae 3–9 Back to 138	141
141	Leaves with pinnae all similar, usually 3, rarely 4 or 5; petiole scabrous with bristly hairs	ARALIACEAE
	Leaves pinnatifid or pinnate with distinct pinnae on lower rachis and a terminal segment often deeply lobed; petiole smooth Back to 140	SOLANACEAE
142	Leaves alternate	143
	Leaves opposite or occasionally whorled Back to 130	186
143	Prickles or spines present	144
	Prickles and spines absent Back to 142	149
144	Plants apparently leafless or leaves ± succulent and falling relatively early	145
	Leaves normally developed and ± persistent, not ± succulent Back to 143	146
145	Stems either succulent and with groups of small spines at regular intervals over surface of swollen stems or numerous spines clustered on older stems; flowers ± solitary, >3 cm long	CACTACEAE
	Spines not clustered, stems not succulent but often ending in spines; flowers in globose heads, <1 cm long Back to 144	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
146	Leaves with 3 or 5 longitudinal veins	RIPOGONACEAE
	Main veins pinnate Back to 144	147
147	Axillary spines present	MORACEAE
	Prickles present on stem or at base of petiole Back to 146	148
148	Leaves 3–5-lobed; stipules present, linear, not spinescent	ROSACEAE
	Leaves entire; stipules spinescent Back to 147	CAPPARACEAE
149	Either leaves apparently absent (reduced to scales, falling early or very sparse) or plants climbing by adventitious roots	150
	Plants with normally developed ± persistent leaves, not climbing by adventitious roots Back to 143	157
150	Leaves scale-like; adventitious roots sometimes present	151
	Leaves not scale-like, either normally-developed, or apparently absent; adventitious roots usually present Back to 149	154
151	Stems thread-like, leafless or almost so, forming tangled masses over the host and attached to the host by haustoria (only seedlings rooted in soil)	152
	Stems not thread-like, not forming tangled masses over the host, leaves scale-like or falling early, haustoria absent Back to 150	153
152	Stems yellowish or reddish; usually parasitic on herbs; calyx and corolla distinct, with 5 segments in each whorl	CONVOLVULACEAE
	Stems green, green-red, or blackish, sometimes with brown scale leaves; usually parasitic on shrubs and trees; perianth of 6 similar segments in 2 whorls Back to 151	LAURACEAE
153	Milky latex exudes from broken stems; adventitious roots absent	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Milky latex absent; adventitious roots present Back to 151	ORCHIDACEAE
154	Aerial roots absent, stems twining; leaves either apparently absent, or if present then sparse and lamina linear to elliptic or oblanceolate and margins entire	POLYGALACEAE
	Aerial roots present, stems sometimes twining; leaves abundant, not lamina linear to elliptic or oblanceolate and margins entire Back to 150	155
155	Leaves with a constriction above the middle; leaf base sheathing	ARACEAE
	Leaves without a constriction above the middle; leaf base not sheathing, petiole present Back to 154	156
156	Leaves entire; stipules present on young stems and leaving a scar encircling the stem at each node	PIPERACEAE
	Leaves palmately 3–5-lobed; stipules absent Back to 155	ARALIACEAE
157	Leaves with 3–many longitudinal veins	158
	Leaves pinnately or palmately veined Back to 149	161
158	Leaves with base sheathing stem; margins with small spinescent teeth near base of leaves	PANDANACEAE
	Leaves without base sheathing stem; margins entire Back to 157	159
159	Leaves with many closely spaced ± parallel veins	LUZURIAGACEAE
	Leaves with 3–7 widely spaced longitudinal veins Back to 158	160
160	Petioles stout and rather short; leaves with base of lamina rounded or tapering into petiole; most leaves usually regularly whorled or opposite	RIPOGONACEAE
	Petioles slender and relatively long; leaves with base of lamina hastate or cordate; leaves always alternate Back to 159	DIOSCOREACEAE
161	Leaves ± triangular and margins regularly toothed to finely crenate, base generally cordate	162
	Leaves not ± triangular, if leaves toothed then base not cordate Back to 157	164
162	At least young stems, petioles and lower surface of leaves hairy; ocreae (sheaths of fused stipules) absent	163
	Leaves and stems ± glabrous; ocreae present at nodes Back to 161	POLYGONACEAE
163	Stems and leaves softly and densely hairy; petioles of many leaves twining	SCROPHULARIACEAE
	Stems and petioles with scattered, bristly, stinging hairs; petioles not twining Back to 162	EUPHORBIACEAE
164	Leaves with petiole more than half as long as lamina; lamina ovate to ± circular, margins entire, lobed or angled and base often cordate; venation palmate or prominently 3-veined from near base	165
	Leaves with petiole less than half as long as lamina; lamina linear to ovate to oblanceolate, rarely base cordate, margins generally entire, occasionally toothed, crenate or lobed; venation pinnate, rarely obscurely 3-veined from base Back to 161	170
165	Flowers in heads surrounded by herbaceous involucral bracts; leaves palmately 5–7-angled	ASTERACEAE
	Flowers not in heads surrounded by bracts; leaves palmately lobed or 2- or 3-angled Back to 164	166
166	Flowers bisexual, solitary or a few together, axillary or terminal	167
	Flowers unisexual; inflorescence with many flowers, axillary Back to 165	169
167	Leaves peltate; flowers spurred	TROPAEOLACEAE
	Leaves not peltate; flowers not spurred Back to 166	168
168	Corolla tubular; a small amount of milky latex present; either leaves hairy or margins palmately lobed or base sagittate or hastate; base of lamina usually cordate	CONVOLVULACEAE
	Perianth segments free; milky latex absent; leaves glabrous and margins either entire or with 1 or 2 angles; base of lamina not cordate Back to 167	BERBERIDOPSIDACEAE
169	Ovary inferior; carpels fused, 3; fruit a capsule, deeply 3-angled	DIOSCOREACEAE
	Ovary superior; carpels free or 1; fruit a drupe, not deeply angled Back to 166	MENISPERMACEAE
170	Margins of leaves toothed, crenate or deeply lobed	171
	Margins of leaves entire Back to 164	174
171	Herbaceous climbers, lenticels absent; flowers >15 mm diam	172
	Woody climbers or twiners, lenticels raised and obvious on stem; flowers <5 mm diam Back to 170	173
172	Leaves toothed to crenate, ± sessile with base encircling stem; flowers yellow	DILLENIACEAE
	Leaves deeply lobed, petiolate; flowers white to pale blue Back to 171	SOLANACEAE
173	Leaves scabrous below; teeth coarse and irregular; milky latex sometimes present	MORACEAE
	Leaves not scabrous; teeth usually regular and fine, margins often ± crenate; latex absent Back to 171	CELASTRACEAE
174	Petioles with a distinct joint or pulvinus-like swelling at the apex or petioles thickened and twisted	175
	Petioles not thickened and twisted, lacking a distinct joint or pulvinus-like swelling at the apex, either absent or very short or if longer then not rigid Back to 170	177
175	Flowers bisexual, zygomorphic	176
	Flowers unisexual, actinomorphic Back to 174	MENISPERMACEAE
176	Petioles without stipels and joint near apex; petiole base expanded into a horizontal ridge extending three-quarters of the way around the stem; corolla tubular	ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
	Petioles with stipels and a joint near apex (leaf 1-foliolate); petiole base not expanded; corolla not tubular Back to 175	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
177	Leaves oblanceolate and tapering into the base, base sheathing the stem	DILLENIACEAE
	Leaves usually not oblanceolate, base not sheathing the stem Back to 174	178
178	Leaves hairy	179
	Leaves glabrous or almost so (sometimes stellate hairs present on new growth) Back to 177	180
179	Mature leaves <5 cm long, sessile or petiole <1 cm long; small twining plants	PITTOSPORACEAE
	Mature leaves >5 cm long, petiole >1 cm long; woody climbers Back to 178	AMARANTHACEAE
180	Leaves ± fleshy, ± broad-ovate, base cordate; axillary tubers borne at some nodes	BASELLACEAE
	Leaves not fleshy, linear to ovate, base not cordate; axillary tubers absent Back to 178	181
181	Leaves with translucent or opaque dots scattered over lower leaf surface	PRIMULACEAE
	Leaves lacking such dots Back to 180	182
182	Leaves scabrous on lower surface; stellate scales absent	MORACEAE
	Leaves not scabrous; stellate scales sometimes present Back to 181	183
183	Brown stellate scales on young stems; tall climbers in coastal rainforest north from Dorrigo	ANNONACEAE
	Stellate scales absent; scrambling shrubs or twiners, rarely in rainforest; inland or coastal regions Back to 182	184
184	Petioles <10 mm long; widespread, rarely in rainforest	185
	Petioles >10 mm long; coastal species, sometimes in or near rainforest Back to 183	SOLANACEAE
185	Flowers mostly absent, if present actinomorphic, <5 mm diam.; scrambling shrub of inland areas	RHAMNACEAE
	Flowers mostly present, zygomorphic, >5 mm diam.; twining shrubs, widespread Back to 184	POLYGALACEAE
186	Leaves whorled, scale-like and subtending linear to ovate cladodes in the axils	ASPARAGACEAE
	Leaves not whorled, scale-like and subtending linear to ovate cladodes in the axils Back to 142	187
187	Prickles or spines present	188
	Prickles or spines absent Back to 186	191
188	Spines present at many nodes	189
	Prickles scattered on stems Back to 187	190
189	Milky latex exudes from broken stems and petioles; spines straight	APOCYNACEAE
	Milky latex absent; spines often curved Back to 188	NYCTAGINACEAE
190	Stems 4-angled; leaves pinnately veined, margins toothed	VERBENACEAE
	Stems not angled; leaves with 3 or 5 main longitudinal veins, margins entire Back to 188	RIPOGONACEAE
191	Leaves at each node unequal in size	GESNERIACEAE
	Leaves at each node similar in size Back to 187	192
192	Leaves with numerous minute translucent oil dots, aromatic when crushed	193
	Leaves without translucent oil dots, not aromatic when crushed Back to 191	194
193	Rough stellate hairs present on stems and leaves; hypanthium present, perianth in 1 whorl	MONIMIACEAE
	Rusty hairs present, especially on young stems and leaves; hypanthium not present, perianth in 2 whorls Back to 192	TRIMENIACEAE
194	Margins of adult leaves crenate or toothed	195
	Margins of adult leaves entire, sometimes juvenile leaves lobed or dissected Back to 192	198
195	Leaves with 3–5 veins rising from base of lamina, base ± cordate	196
	Leaves with only one main longitudinal vein Back to 194	197
196	Leaves glabrous or almost so, shiny above, central area of lamina pale green	RANUNCULACEAE
	Leaves hairy, dull above, not variegated in colour Back to 195	ACANTHACEAE
197	Leaves slightly glossy above, dull below; stems forming short coils and abrupt knot-like bends around supports	CELASTRACEAE
	Leaves very glossy above, moderately glossy below; stems twining in loose, elongated spirals Back to 195	APHANOPETALACEAE
198	Interpetiolar stipules present; domatia present on most leaves, sometimes minute	RUBIACEAE
	Interpetiolar stipules absent or greatly reduced; domatia absent Back to 194	199
199	Petioles distinctly jointed a little above the base	OLEACEAE
	Petioles lacking such a joint Back to 198	200
200	Stems 4-angled	VERBENACEAE
	Stems not angled Back to 199	201
201	Milky or clear latex absent; stamens 1–4 or if 5 then flowers strongly zygomorphic	202
	Milky or yellowish latex usually exudes from broken stems or petioles; stamens 5; flowers actinomorphic Back to 200	204
202	Leaves not lobed at base, hairy below	203
	Leaves sagittate to hastate, glabrous Back to 201	CHENOPODIACEAE
203	Leaves wrinkled above, whitish with stellate hairs below; flowers mauve or yellow	BUDDLEJACEAE
	Leaves smooth above, green below, hairs simple or glandular; flowers cream or yellow Back to 202	CAPRIFOLIACEAE
204	Either upper surface of leaves with a cluster of 2–20 minute raised glands at the base of lamina (hand lens needed) or leaves reduced and scale-like; pollen aggregated into pollinia (formerly Asclepiadaceae)	APOCYNACEAE
	Upper surface of leaves without any raised glands (leaves never reduced and scale-like); pollen either granular or rarely aggregated into pollinia Back to 201	205
205	Pollen granular, not aggregated into pollinia	APOCYNACEAE
	Pollen aggregated into pollinia (formerly Asclepiadaceae) Back to 204	APOCYNACEAE
206	Leaves apparently absent, often reduced to scales	207
	Leaves present, not reduced to scales Back to 104	230
207	Saprophytic or parasitic herbs, usually without chlorophyll; the stems yellow or purple	208
	Chlorophyll present, stems sometimes with yellowish tinge if the plants are hemiparasitic on roots of other plants Back to 206	210
208	Flowers usually strongly zygomorphic; stamens 4 or 1	209
	Flowers actinomorphic; stamens 6 or rarely 3 Back to 207	THISMIACEAE
209	Ovary inferior; stamen 1	ORCHIDACEAE
	Ovary superior; stamens 4 Back to 208	OROBANCHACEAE
210	Cladodes succulent, often jointed	211
	Cladodes not succulent, either smooth or angular, sometimes flattened or winged Back to 207	214
211	Cladodes >10 mm diam., cylindrical, angular or flattened, bearing numerous spines	CACTACEAE
	Cladodes <8 mm diam., ± cylindrical, spines absent Back to 210	212
212	Milky latex absent; cladodes jointed; erect or prostrate shrubs or subshrubs	CHENOPODIACEAE
	Milky latex present; cladodes sometimes jointed; scrambling shrubs Back to 211	213
213	Scale leaves alternate; fruit a capsule c. 4 mm long, seeds 3	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Leaves opposite; fruit a follicle 5–14 cm long, seeds numerous (formerly Asclepiadaceae) Back to 212	APOCYNACEAE
214	Cladodes winged or leaves reduced to spines	215
	Cladodes or branchlets not winged, either terete or flattened Back to 210	216
215	Wings on cladodes firm and brown; leaves reduced to spines	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
	Wings herbaceous to membranous; plants not spinose Back to 214	ELAEOCARPACEAE
216	Scale leaves subtending leaf-like cladodes, cladodes often clustered or whorled	ASPARAGACEAE
	Leaves not subtending leaf-like cladodes Back to 214	217
217	Scale leaves in whorls of 4 or more and fused at the base	CASUARINACEAE
	Scale leaves (or leaf scars) alternate or opposite Back to 216	218
218	Spines regularly present along adult stems	219
	Spines not regularly present on adult stems, but branches sometimes ending in spines or spines present on juvenile growth Back to 217	220
219	Spines alternate	RUTACEAE
	Spines opposite Back to 218	RHAMNACEAE
220	Leaves opposite	221
	Leaves alternate Back to 218	224
221	Herbs in swamps; flowers unisexual	RUBIACEAE
	Shrubs or subshrubs, not in swamps; flowers bisexual Back to 220	222
222	Flowers 3–4 mm long; shrubs; fruit brownish, not succulent; at least some leaves normally-developed on plant	LAMIACEAE
	Flowers either <2 mm long, or >6 mm long; subshrubs, prostrate or erect; fruit red to orange, succulent; no leaves normally developed Back to 221	223
223	Erect subshrubs; flowers 8–10 mm long, white; western species	LOGANIACEAE
	Prostrate subshrubs; flowers 1–2 mm long, greenish; high altitude species Back to 222	SANTALACEAE
224	Flowers unisexual, borne in clusters at almost every node over the whole plant (dead flower parts usually persistent)	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Flowers bisexual, borne mainly towards the ends of branches (dead flower parts not usually persistent) Back to 220	225
225	Either ovary inferior, or ovary superior and then fruiting pedicel enlarged and often succulent	SANTALACEAE
	Ovary superior, but fruiting pedicel neither enlarged nor succulent Back to 224	226
226	Scale leaves encircling stem and usually a few millimetres apart; flowers small, pink and in large terminal panicles	TAMARICACEAE
	Leaves not scale leaves encircling stem and usually more than a few millimetres apart; flowers and inflorescences not large terminal panicles Back to 225	227
227	Flowers bisexual, strongly zygomorphic	228
	Flowers unisexual, actinomorphic Back to 226	229
228	Flowers blue; inner 2 sepals large and petaloid; fruit a capsule	POLYGALACEAE
	Flowers yellow, orange or rarely purple; sepals not petaloid, shortly tubular and ± equal; fruit a legume Back to 227	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
229	Shrubs or small trees 1–4 m high; flowers solitary or in short, few-flowered racemes; fruit a berry	CAPPARACEAE
	Shrubs with tangled branches; flowers in interrupted, spike-like racemes; fruit an indehiscent nut Back to 227	POLYGONACEAE
230	Leaves consistently whorled	231
	Leaves alternate or opposite or leaf solitary Back to 206	254
231	Woody plants, trees or erect shrubs	232
	Herbs or prostrate or hemispherical subshrubs Back to 230	248
232	Milky latex or coloured resin exudes from cut or broken twigs or petioles	233
	Neither milky latex nor coloured resin exudes from cut or broken twigs or petioles Back to 231	234
233	Milky latex exudes from cut stems or petioles	APOCYNACEAE
	Yellowish to red resin exudes from cut stems or petioles Back to 232	MYRTACEAE
234	Leaves with 5–7 main longitudinal veins	ERICACEAE-STYPHELIOIDEAE
	Leaves with only 1 main longitudinal vein Back to 232	235
235	Leaves either <3 cm long, or if 3–6 cm long then neither rigid nor pungent-pointed	236
	Leaves either >6 cm long or if 3–6 cm long then rigid and pungent-pointed Back to 234	243
236	Whorls usually with 3 or 4 leaves	237
	Whorls with 5–7 leaves Back to 235	242
237	Leaves 3–6 mm long and ± terete	ERICACEAE
	Leaves >6 mm long or if less then not ± terete Back to 236	238
238	Stems 4-angled	LAMIACEAE
	Stems not 4-angled Back to 237	239
239	Leaves in whorls of 3, rarely more	240
	Leaves in whorls of 4 (rarely 3 or 5) Back to 238	ELAEOCARPACEAE
240	Plants ± white-tomentose; leaves sessile	LAMIACEAE
	Plants never white-tomentose; leaves mostly petiolate, if sessile then plants glabrous or hairy Back to 239	241
241	Fruit a legume; flowers zygomorphic	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
	Fruit a drupe; flowers actinomorphic Back to 240	PROTEACEAE
242	Whorls consistently with 6 `leaves' (actually 2 sessile 3-foliolate leaves); fruit a capsule (formerly Baueraceae)	CUNONIACEAE
	Whorls with 5–7 leaves (phyllodes); fruit a legume Back to 236	FABACEAE - MIMOSOIDEAE
243	Leaves mesomorphic	244
	Leaves scleromorphic Back to 235	246
244	Stipular sheaths present on apex of shoots	RUBIACEAE
	Stipular sheaths absent Back to 243	245
245	Stems terete; terminal buds scaly	PITTOSPORACEAE
	Stems angular; terminal buds not scaly Back to 244	VERBENACEAE
246	Terminal buds scaly; juvenile leaves whorled, toothed, adult leaves alternate, entire	CORYNOCARPACEAE
	Terminal buds not scaly; all leaves whorled, entire or toothed Back to 243	247
247	Interpetiolar stipules present; leaves glaucous below; flowers in separated, dense, ± globose clusters	CUNONIACEAE
	Stipules absent; leaves not glaucous below; inflorescence racemose or flowers in heads surrounded by bracts Back to 246	PROTEACEAE
248	Leaves succulent and either terete or about as wide as long; leaves usually in whorls of 4	249
	Leaves not succulent; leaves opposite or in whorls of 2 to many Back to 231	250
249	Leaves terete, 3–7 mm long; calyx and corolla present	FRANKENIACEAE
	Leaves flat, about as long as wide, 5–15 mm long; flowers naked Back to 248	PIPERACEAE
250	Leaves regularly in whorls of 3 or leaves opposite; flowers purple to blue, c. 8–10 mm long	LYTHRACEAE
	Leaves in whorls of 4 or more, sometimes some in 3s; flowers usually greenish to white, mostly <5 mm long Back to 248	251
251	Leaves fused into a basal tube with only apices free; stems longitudinally grooved	SPHENOPSIDA
	Leaves not fused into a basal tube with only apices free; stems rarely grooved Back to 250	252
252	Stems 4-angled; ovary inferior	RUBIACEAE
	Stems not 4-angled; ovary superior Back to 251	253
253	Perianth in 1 whorl; stipules absent	AIZOACEAE
	Sepals and petals present; stipules present Back to 252	CARYOPHYLLACEAE
254	Leaves usually with reticulate venation; vascular bundles open, that is, secondary thickening occurs; taproot present, at least in seedlings; flower parts usually in whorls of 4 or 5; embryo mostly with 2 cotyledons (dicots)	255
	Leaves usually with parallel venation; vascular bundles closed, that is, no secondary thickening occurs; root system fibrous; flower parts usually in whorls of 3; embryo mostly with 1 cotyledon (monocots) Back to 230	510
255	Leaves compound, with 2 or more distinct pinnae	256
	Leaves 1-foliolate or simple (sometimes lamina deeply lobed but not divided into discrete leaflets) Back to 254	314
256	Leaves either 2- or 3-pinnate or biternate	257
	Leaves either 1-pinnate or palmate Back to 255	268
257	Herbs	258
	Shrubs or trees Back to 256	261
258	Ovary superior; flowers zygomorphic or actinomorphic	259
	Ovary inferior; most flowers actinomorphic, rarely all zygomorphic Back to 257	260
259	Flowers zygomorphic; fruit a nut; leaves 2- or 3-pinnate	PAPAVERACEAE
	Flowers actinomorphic; fruit a follicle; leaves biternate (formerly Malaceae) Back to 258	ROSACEAE
260	Upper part of petioles usually with reduced pinnae or flaps of tissue; flowers in heads	ASTERACEAE
	Reduced pinnae or flaps of tissue absent (the lowest pinnae largest); flowers in umbels Back to 258	APIACEAE
261	Pinnae with a terminal pinnule or segment	262
	Pinnae without a terminal pinnule or segment Back to 257	267
262	Leaves with jointed rachis; ovary inferior or superior	565
	Leaves without jointed rachis; ovary superior Back to 261	263
263	Pinnules toothed to subentire	264
	Pinnules entire Back to 262	266
264	Leaves regularly 2-pinnate; leaves glabrous except for stellate hairs on petioles; fruit an indehiscent drupe	MELIACEAE
	Leaves irregularly 2–4-pinnate; lower surface of leaves either hairy (hairs not stellate) or strongly glaucous; fruit dehiscent Back to 263	265
265	Fruit a capsule, covered with irritant hairs; leaves irregularly 2-pinnate	SAPINDACEAE
	Fruit a follicle, glabrous; leaves irregularly 2–4-pinnate Back to 264	PROTEACEAE
266	Leaves without oil dots, lower surface pale, silky; leaves deeply 2- or 3-pinnatifid	PROTEACEAE
	Leaves with oil dots, lower surface either glabrous or with scattered hairs; leaves regularly or irregularly 2-pinnate Back to 263	RUTACEAE
267	Flowers zygomorphic; spines or prickles present	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
	Flowers actinomorphic; spines and prickles present or absent Back to 261	FABACEAE - MIMOSOIDEAE
268	Trees and shrubs	269
	Herbaceous plants Back to 256	297
269	Leaves opposite, sometimes apparently whorled	270
	Leaves alternate Back to 268	276
270	Oil dots present in leaves, leaves aromatic when crushed	RUTACEAE
	Oil dots absent, leaves not aromatic when crushed Back to 269	271
271	Interpetiolar stipules present	272
	Stipules absent Back to 270	273
272	Margins of pinnae toothed; stipules not resinous	CUNONIACEAE
	Margins of pinnae entire; stipules resinous (formerly Eucryphiaceae) Back to 271	CUNONIACEAE
273	Leaves sessile, 3-foliolate; pinnae <1.5 cm long (formerly Baueraceae)	CUNONIACEAE
	Leaves petiolate, 3–11-foliolate; pinnae 2–12 cm long Back to 271	274
274	Leaves with small stalked glands on rachis between petiolules	ADOXACEAE
	Leaves without glands on rachis Back to 273	275
275	Cultivated trees, sometimes naturalized; fruit dry, winged	ACERACEAE
	Shrub in rainforest; fruit succulent, not winged Back to 274	VERBENACEAE
276	Stipules present and pinnae regularly toothed	277
	Either stipules absent or if stipules present then pinnae not regularly toothed Back to 269	280
277	Prickles absent	278
	Prickles usually present; stipules ± linear; rachis not winged Back to 276	ROSACEAE
278	Stipules >1 cm wide; rachis winged	279
	Stipules not prominent, <3 mm wide; rachis not winged (formerly Malaceae) Back to 277	ROSACEAE
279	Stipules free, ± semicircular, 1–2 cm long; fruit drupaceous (formerly Davidsoniaceae)	CUNONIACEAE
	Stipules fused and encircling the stem, >5 cm long; fruit capsular Back to 278	MELIANTHACEAE
280	Fruit a legume or samara; stipules mostly present on new growth but often shed early	281
	Fruit variable but neither a legume nor a samara; stipules absent or inconspicuous Back to 276	284
281	Fruit a samara	282
	Fruit a legume Back to 280	283
282	Leaves pinnately compound	SIMAROUBACEAE
	Leaves palmately compound with 5 or more pinnae or pinnae 3 and pinnae with silvery scales below Back to 281	MALVACEAE
283	Stamens 10 and free, either unequal or some reduced and sterile	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
	Stamens 10, free or variously united, equal in size, all fertile Back to 281	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
284	Oil dots present in leaves, leaves aromatic when crushed	RUTACEAE
	Oil dots absent, leaves not aromatic when crushed Back to 280	285
285	Domatia present, sometimes small and inconspicuous	286
	Domatia absent Back to 284	289
286	Petioles and stems exuding a clear sap when cut; fruit an indehiscent drupe	ANACARDIACEAE
	Petioles and stems not exuding a clear sap when cut; fruit usually a dehiscent capsule Back to 285	287
287	Pinnae regularly toothed	SAPINDACEAE
	Pinnae entire (rarely a few teeth in juveniles) Back to 286	288
288	Either stamens fused into a tube or seeds winged; leaves either with >10 leaflets, or with a terminal pinna present, or pinnae opposite and rachis without a terminal spur	MELIACEAE
	Stamens not fused into a tube and seeds not winged; leaves mostly <10 leaflets and rachis ending in a terminal spur, true terminal leaflet absent, pinnae often subopposite Back to 287	SAPINDACEAE
289	Leaves with main rachis jointed at the point where the pinnae are attached, the pinnae usually opposite	ARALIACEAE
	Leaves without jointed rachis Back to 285	290
290	Leaves with either a terminal spur at end of rachis (pinnae alternate, subopposite or opposite), or fruit a 2–6-winged capsule	SAPINDACEAE
	Leaves without terminal spur on rachis (pinnae mostly opposite); fruit variable but not a winged capsule Back to 289	291
291	Pinnae toothed, lobed or dissected	292
	Pinnae (or leaves) with entire margins Back to 290	295
292	Pinnae with spinose teeth; adult leaves usually >30 cm long	293
	Pinnae with blunt teeth or lobes; adult leaves usually <30 cm long Back to 291	PROTEACEAE
293	Leaves pinnate throughout; rachis not winged	294
	Leaves pinnatisect in upper part; rachis winged Back to 292	PROTEACEAE
294	Leaves with 12–30 pinnae, without a terminal pinna	AKANIACEAE
	Leaves with 5–13 pinnae, with a terminal pinna Back to 293	BERBERIDACEAE
295	Leaves pinnate and simple on the same shoot; fruit a follicle	PROTEACEAE
	All leaves pinnate; fruit a drupe or capsule Back to 291	296
296	Pinnae with an obvious swelling at junction of petiolule with rachis, terminal pinna always present; fruit a drupe	BURSERACEAE
	Pinnae without a swelling at junction of petiolule and rachis, terminal pinna usually not present; fruit a capsule Back to 295	MELIACEAE
297	Leaves pinnate without a terminal pinna	298
	Leaves palmate or pinnate with a terminal pinna Back to 268	299
298	Leaves opposite; stipules interpetiolar; pinnae 2–24	ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
	Leaves alternate; paired stipules usually present at base of each petiole; pinnae >2 Back to 297	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
299	Leaves dotted with oil glands	RUTACEAE
	Leaves without oil glands Back to 297	300
300	Leaves with 3 pinnae arranged at the apex of a relatively long petiole; pinnae ± obcordate, margins entire; fruit a capsule	OXALIDACEAE
	Leaves not with 3 pinnae arranged at the apex of a relatively long petiole; pinnae not obcordate, margins not entire; fruit various, rarely a capsule Back to 299	301
301	Leaves palmate with 3–11 pinnae, petiolule of terminal pinna ± as long as petiolules of lateral pinnae	302
	Leaves pinnate with 3 or more pinnae, petiolule of terminal pinna longer than those of lateral pinnae Back to 300	305
302	Leaves irregularly palmately dissected, pinnae irregularly lobed	RANUNCULACEAE
	Leaves regularly divided into pinnae, margins entire or regularly toothed Back to 301	303
303	Either pinnae entire or stipules spinescent, the pinnae usually with glandular hairs	CAPPARACEAE
	Pinnae toothed, stipules not spinescent Back to 302	304
304	Flowers unisexual, <5 mm diam.; stipules not fused to petiole	CANNABACEAE
	Flowers bisexual, >10 mm diam.; stipules fused to petiole Back to 303	ROSACEAE
305	Stipules present	306
	Stipules absent, petioles sometimes dilated at the base Back to 301	307
306	Pinnae toothed, the teeth >1 mm deep; flowers actinomorphic	ROSACEAE
	Pinnae entire or with teeth <1 mm deep or pinnae lobed or deeply dissected; flowers zygomorphic Back to 305	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
307	Flowers in heads surrounded by involucral bracts (leaves often deeply pinnatisect)	ASTERACEAE
	Flowers not in heads surrounded by involucral bracts; leaves not deeply pinnatisect Back to 305	308
308	Pinnae 3, usually deeply dissected; fruit a cluster of achenes	RANUNCULACEAE
	Pinnae more than 3; fruit not an achene Back to 307	309
309	Flowers in umbels or umbellate clusters	310
	Flowers not in umbels Back to 308	311
310	Ovary inferior	APIACEAE
	Ovary superior Back to 309	GERANIACEAE
311	Leaves succulent or spinose	312
	Leaves neither succulent nor spinose Back to 309	313
312	Leaves succulent, opposite	CRASSULACEAE
	Leaves spinose, alternate Back to 311	POLEMONIACEAE
313	Leaves tasting like mustard; petals mostly yellow or white; stamens usually 6	BRASSICACEAE
	Leaves not tasting like mustard; petals blue; stamens 5 Back to 311	BORAGINACEAE
314	Flowers enclosed in an invaginated floral axis; fruit multiple, a syconium or fig	MORACEAE
	Flowers not enclosed in an invaginated floral axis; fruit not a syconium or fig Back to 255	315
315	Flowers unisexual, arranged in a cyathium; white latex present	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Flowers either bisexual, or if unisexual then not arranged in a cyathium; white latex either absent or if rarely present then flowers bisexual Back to 314	316
316	Ocreae (sheaths of fused stipules) present around the petiole and stem	POLYGONACEAE
	Ocreae absent Back to 315	317
317	Ovary superior or the flower naked	318
	Ovary inferior or half-inferior Back to 316	473
318	Carpels ± free, fruit usually separating into distinct carpels, that is, 2 or more ovaries present (sometimes carpels enclosed in hypanthium and `ovary' apparently solitary)	319
	Carpels fused or the carpel solitary, that is, ovary and fruit solitary Back to 317	335
319	Milky or yellowish latex exudes from broken stems	320
	Milky or yellowish latex absent Back to 318	321
320	Pollen granular, not aggregated into pollinia; fruit black or more often brightly coloured, mostly drupaceous, sometimes a pair of tardily dehiscent follicles	APOCYNACEAE
	Pollen aggregated into pollinia; fruit a pair of green or brownish dehiscent follicles (formerly Asclepiadaceae) Back to 319	APOCYNACEAE
321	Herbs, sometimes trailing	322
	Shrubs or trees Back to 319	325
322	Petals fused into a tube	323
	Petals free Back to 321	324
323	Leaves opposite	LAMIACEAE
	Leaves alternate Back to 322	CONVOLVULACEAE
324	Carpels equal in number to the petals; leaves opposite, succulent	CRASSULACEAE
	Carpels much more numerous than the petals; leaves usually alternate, not succulent Back to 322	RANUNCULACEAE
325	Leaves opposite	MONIMIACEAE
	Leaves alternate, sometimes ± whorled Back to 321	326
326	Either stamens 5 and alternate with 5 staminodes or stamens numerous and on an androgynophore	MALVACEAE
	Stamens >5 but not on an androgynophore Back to 325	327
327	Sepals and petals modified into calyptras; carpels immersed in the receptacle	EUPOMATIACEAE
	Calyptras not formed; carpels not immersed in the receptacle Back to 326	328
328	Fruit a cluster of berries; leaves with fine oil dots and aromatic when crushed	329
	Fruit otherwise; leaves without oil dots, not aromatic when crushed Back to 327	330
329	Flowers mostly unisexual; fruit blue to blackish; leaves tasting like p:epper	WINTERACEAE
	Flowers bisexual; fruit orange to red; leaves not tasting like pepper Back to 328	ANNONACEAE
330	Stamens perigynous	331
	Stamens hypogynous Back to 328	332
331	Receptacles urn-shaped and almost enclosing carpels; fruit a number of individual achenes enclosed in a false fruit or `hip'	ROSACEAE
	Receptacles saucer-shaped; fruit a cluster of follicles (formerly Malaceae) Back to 330	ROSACEAE
332	Individual fruit dehiscent, follicles; carpels always completely free	DILLENIACEAE
	Individual fruit not dehiscent, drupes; carpels often united by their common style Back to 330	333
333	Leaves toothed; individual black drupes seated on swollen red receptacle	OCHNACEAE
	Leaves entire; individual drupes either red, orange or brownish, receptacle neither swollen nor red Back to 332	334
334	Leaves usually <5 cm long and with <10 pairs of secondary veins; western species	SURIANACEAE
	Leaves mostly >5 cm long and with >10 pairs of secondary veins; coastal species Back to 333	SIMAROUBACEAE
335	Fertile stamens more than twice as many as sepals or tepals (tepals as in Proteaceae, Moraceae)	336
	Fertile stamens to twice as many as sepals or tepals Back to 318	356
336	Leaves alternate	337
	Leaves opposite Back to 335	354
337	Leaves modified to phyllodes, identified by the extrafloral nectary on the upper edge; carpel 1; fruit a legume or a lomentum	FABACEAE - MIMOSOIDEAE
	Leaves not modified into phyllodes; carpels 1 or more; fruit neither a legume nor lomentum Back to 336	338
338	Either all flowers unisexual or unisexual and bisexual flowers occurring together in the same inflorescence	339
	All flowers bisexual Back to 337	343
339	Sepals fused and enclosing the bud, splitting into 2 or 3 lobes; carpel 1; leaves tasting like pepper	WINTERACEAE
	Sepals or perianth otherwise; carpel 1 or 3–indefinite; leaves not tasting like pepper Back to 338	340
340	Carpels 3, fused; styles 3	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Carpels 1, or >3 (rarely 3 and with 1 style) Back to 339	341
341	Sepals and petals present; carpels 4 or 5, rarely 3, central column absent	EBENACEAE
	Either sepals or petals absent; carpels solitary or >3 and then united around a central column Back to 340	342
342	Perianth represented by blunt teeth; carpels 4–7 or >20, united around a central column; fruit without spines	GYROSTEMONACEAE
	Perianth sepaloid, 2–3 mm long; carpel solitary; fruit covered by spines Back to 341	PHYTOLACCACEAE
343	Carpel solitary; fruit a drupe (formerly Amygdalaceae)	ROSACEAE
	Carpels >2, fused together; fruit variable Back to 338	344
344	Carpels incompletely fused, either free at the apex or carpels united only by their gynobasic style	345
	Carpels fused throughout, except sometimes in upper style and stigma Back to 343	346
345	Carpels free at the apex, ovules and seeds visible	RESEDACEAE
	Carpels united only by their gynobasic style Back to 344	OCHNACEAE
346	Filaments of stamens fused, forming a tube around the styles, stigmas protruding above the tube	MALVACEAE
	Filaments free or almost so, not forming a tube Back to 344	347
347	Sepals 2 or 3, sometimes united into a calyptra	348
	Sepals 4 or more Back to 346	349
348	Flowers solitary on long scapes; placentation parietal	PAPAVERACEAE
	Flowers in few- to many-flowered cymes, cymose panicles or heads, rarely solitary in leaf axils; placentation basal or free-central Back to 347	PORTULACACEAE
349	Ovary on a gynophore	CAPPARACEAE
	Ovary ± sessile Back to 347	350
350	Rigid spreading shrubs; leaves <5 mm wide	351
	Erect shrubs; leaves >5 mm wide Back to 349	352
351	Leaves deeply and irregularly pinnatisect, glabrous (former Peganaceae)	NITRARIACEAE
	Leaves entire, covered with appressed hairs Back to 350	NITRARIACEAE
352	Placentation parietal; leaf margins entire or bluntly angular	SALICACEAE
	Placentation axile; leaf margins usually finely or coarsely toothed Back to 350	353
353	Anthers opening by terminal valves or pores	ELAEOCARPACEAE
	Anthers opening by longitudinal slits Back to 352	TILIACEAE
354	Shrubs or trees	MONIMIACEAE
	Herbs or small shrubs Back to 336	355
355	Leaves gland-dotted, not succulent, bright green	HYPERICACEAE
	Leaves not gland-dotted, succulent or often greyish and apparently whorled Back to 354	AIZOACEAE
356	Perianth in 1 whorl or the flower naked	357
	Perianth in 2 whorls Back to 335	387
357	Flowers naked, perianth absent	358
	Flowers with perianth present Back to 356	360
358	Trees with alternate leaves; flowers in catkins	SALICACEAE
	Herbs with opposite leaves Back to 357	359
359	Flowers bisexual, in dense terminal spikes	PIPERACEAE
	Flowers unisexual, axillary, solitary or in pairs Back to 358	CALLITRICHACEAE
360	Perianth segments scarious	AMARANTHACEAE
	Perianth segments herbaceous or petaloid Back to 357	361
361	Stamens 8–10	362
	Stamens <8 Back to 360	371
362	Leaves opposite	363
	Leaves alternate and/or radical Back to 361	365
363	Herbs	CARYOPHYLLACEAE
	Trees or shrubs Back to 362	364
364	Flowers with tubular hypanthium, several times longer than ovary; leaves usually <6 cm long	THYMELAEACEAE
	Flowers with hypanthium or perianth about as long as the ovary; leaves >6 cm long Back to 363	CUNONIACEAE
365	Flowers unisexual	366
	Flowers bisexual Back to 362	368
366	Style simple; fruit a winged capsule	SAPINDACEAE
	Style branched or styles as many as the carpels; fruit not a winged capsule Back to 365	367
367	Carpels 3, fused, styles 3; fruit usually 3-lobed	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Carpels 2 or >3 and united around a central column; styles free, 2–7, or fused and 4–7-branched; fruit 2- or >3-lobed Back to 366	GYROSTEMONACEAE
368	Carpels 8–10	PHYTOLACCACEAE
	Carpels usually 3–5 Back to 365	369
369	Herbs or subshrubs	AIZOACEAE
	Shrubs or small trees Back to 368	370
370	Plants of coastal areas; seeds without arils	SALICACEAE
	Plants of inland areas; seeds with a fleshy red aril Back to 369	SAPINDACEAE
371	Styles 2 or more, or the style branched	372
	Style simple, unbranched (stigma sometimes lobed) Back to 361	376
372	Ovary usually 3-locular, rarely 2–7-locular	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Ovary 1-locular Back to 371	373
373	Herbs with opposite leaves, the leaf bases usually fused; stipules sometimes present; glabrous or with a few simple hairs	CARYOPHYLLACEAE
	Trees, shrubs or herbs with leaves alternate (rarely opposite, and if so, without stipules, the leaf bases not fused and hairs tubercled) Back to 372	374
374	Shrubs or trees; mostly in or near rainforest	375
	Herbs or small shrubs; widespread, rarely in rainforest Back to 373	CHENOPODIACEAE
375	Fruit solitary or paired, drupaceous; leaves usually 3-veined from base	ULMACEAE
	Fruit crowded and forming a multiple fruit; leaves not 3-veined from base Back to 374	MORACEAE
376	Perianth tubular (at least in bud) or tubular hypanthium present	377
	Perianth not tubular (sometimes fused at the base and forming a shallow cup) Back to 371	381
377	Stamens always 6; petals 6; calyx represented by a cup which enlarges in fruit	OLACACEAE
	Stamens mostly 2–5, sometimes 6–8; calyx not a cup which enlarges in fruit Back to 376	378
378	Upper part of perianth tube falling, the lower part persisting and enclosing the fruit	NYCTAGINACEAE
	Otherwise Back to 377	379
379	Stamens 2; inserted on the rim of the tubular hypanthium	THYMELAEACEAE
	Stamens >3; not inserted on the rim of a tubular hypanthium Back to 378	380
380	Trees or shrubs; stamens opposite to and fused with the perianth segments	PROTEACEAE
	Herbs or subshrubs; stamens alternating with the perianth segments Back to 379	AIZOACEAE
381	Stamens opposite the perianth segments	382
	Stamens alternating with the perianth segments Back to 376	383
382	Either trees or tall shrubs with toothed leaves, often with stinging hairs, or herbs sometimes with stinging hairs	URTICACEAE
	Shrubs with entire leaves (glabrous or hairy but without stinging hairs) Back to 381	SANTALACEAE
383	Leaves opposite; herbs	AIZOACEAE
	Leaves alternate; small trees, shrubs or subshrubs Back to 381	384
384	Leaves with a rusty stellate tomentum	MALVACEAE
	Leaves glabrous or hairy with simple hairs Back to 383	385
385	Flowers unisexual; fruit succulent, not winged	386
	Flowers bisexual; fruit dry, winged Back to 384	RHAMNACEAE
386	Trees; leaves with domatia	PENNANTIACEAE
	Subshrubs; leaves without domatia Back to 385	PHYTOLACCACEAE
387	Petals free	388
	Petals fused into a tube, rarely split down one side or at base Back to 356	430
388	Flowers zygomorphic	389
	Flowers actinomorphic Back to 387	397
389	Sepals 2; soft herbs with semisucculent, highly dissected leaves	PAPAVERACEAE
	Sepals or perianth segments 4 or 5; shrubs or herbs, but not with semisucculent, highly dissected leaves Back to 388	390
390	Two lateral sepals large and petaloid	POLYGALACEAE
	Sepals not with two large and petaloid lateral sepals Back to 389	391
391	Shrubs with stout spines and fruit a berry <5 mm long; flowers very slightly zygomorphic	VIOLACEAE
	Herbs or shrubs, rarely with spines and then fruit a legume; flowers strongly zygomorphic Back to 390	392
392	Stamens 5, all fertile, staminodes absent; either sepal or petal spurred	393
	Stamens and staminodes when present totalling 10; uppermost sepal sometimes spurred Back to 391	394
393	Lowermost petal spurred at base, sepals not spurred; leaves not succulent; herbs or shrubs	VIOLACEAE
	Petals not spurred, uppermost sepal spurred; leaves ± succulent; semisucculent shrubs Back to 392	BALSAMINACEAE
394	Carpels 3 or 5; uppermost sepal often spurred	395
	Carpel 1; uppermost sepal not spurred Back to 392	396
395	Carpels 3; leaves peltate	TROPAEOLACEAE
	Carpels 5; leaves not peltate Back to 394	GERANIACEAE
396	Petals dissimilar in size and shape, consisting of one large posterior standard, inserted to the outside of 2 lateral wings and 2 fused segments (keel) that enclose the stamens	FABACEAE - FABOIDEAE
	Petals ± similar in size and shape, posterior petal innermost, petals usually not fused Back to 394	FABACEAE - CAESALPINIOIDEAE
397	Woody plants	398
	Herbs Back to 388	418
398	Leaves with oil dots, leaves aromatic when crushed	399
	Leaves without oil dots, not distinctly aromatic when crushed Back to 397	400
399	Fruit a capsule or berry; flowers >3 mm long: disc present between stamens and ovary; oil dots relatively large	RUTACEAE
	Fruit drupaceous; flowers 1–2 mm long; disc absent; oil dots minute Back to 398	LAURACEAE
400	Disc present between the stamens and the ovary	401
	Disc absent Back to 398	402
401	Stamens 8–12	SIMAROUBACEAE
	Stamens 4 or 5 Back to 400	CELASTRACEAE
402	All flowers unisexual	403
	Either all flowers bisexual or rarely some unisexual Back to 400	404
403	Leaves either entire or toothed to crenate, if teeth spinose then leaves not glossy and fruit a capsule; fruit usually capsular, rarely drupaceous or a berry	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Leaves with spinose teeth and glossy; fruit drupaceous Back to 402	AQUIFOLIACEAE
404	Stamens 2	OLEACEAE
	Stamens >2 Back to 402	405
405	Stamens hypogynous	406
	Stamens perigynous Back to 404	417
406	Anthers dehiscing by terminal pores or valves	407
	Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits Back to 405	409
407	Stems with 3-branched spines	BERBERIDACEAE
	Stems without spines Back to 406	408
408	Small shrubs; leaves <2 cm long	ELAEOCARPACEAE
	Trees or tall shrubs; leaves >4 cm long Back to 407	LAURACEAE
409	Stamens 4 or 5	410
	Stamens 8 or 10 Back to 406	413
410	Stamens alternating with staminodes	411
	Staminodes absent Back to 409	412
411	Leaves stellate-hairy; fruit a capsule	MALVACEAE
	Leaves glabrous; fruit a drupe Back to 410	CORYNOCARPACEAE
412	Anthers with a terminal appendage; shrubs with stout spines; flowers slightly zygomorphic	VIOLACEAE
	Appendages absent; trees or spinose shrubs, spines fine; flowers actinomorphic Back to 410	PITTOSPORACEAE
413	Leaves opposite	414
	Leaves alternate Back to 409	415
414	Interpetiolar stipules present; leaves not lobed, margins toothed	CUNONIACEAE
	Stipules absent; leaves palmately lobed, otherwise margins entire Back to 413	ACERACEAE
415	Leaves glabrous; rainforest species	416
	Leaves covered with appressed hairs; western species Back to 413	NITRARIACEAE
416	Leaves usually <3.5 cm long; fruit red, <9 mm long; petals white	ERYTHROXYLACEAE
	Leaves usually >3.5 cm long; fruit black, >9 mm long; petals yellow Back to 415	SURIANACEAE
417	Stamens alternating with the sepal lobes; stipules present	RHAMNACEAE
	Stamens alternating with the petals; stipules absent Back to 405	567
418	Sepals 2 or 3	419
	Sepals or outer perianth segments 4 or more Back to 397	420
419	Sepals 2	PORTULACACEAE
	Sepals 3 Back to 418	ELATINACEAE
420	Flowers with tubular hypanthium bearing 4–6 sepals, 4–6 appendages and 4–6 petals	LYTHRACEAE
	Flowers without hypanthium Back to 418	421
421	Flowers unisexual	EUPHORBIACEAE
	Flowers bisexual Back to 420	422
422	Leaves dotted with oil glands	RUTACEAE
	Leaves without oil dots Back to 421	423
423	Fruit a schizocarp splitting into awned mericarps	GERANIACEAE
	Fruit a siliqua, silicula or capsule Back to 422	424
424	Leaves opposite (sometimes apparently whorled)	425
	Leaves alternate Back to 423	427
425	Ovary 2–5-locular; leaves Y-shaped	ZYGOPHYLLACEAE
	Ovary 1-locular; leaves not Y-shaped Back to 424	426
426	Placentation free-central; mostly herbs, rarely dwarf shrubs; leaves generally green, or if greyish then not salt encrusted	CARYOPHYLLACEAE
	Placentation parietal; dwarf shrubs; leaves generally greyish because of salt encrusted on surface Back to 425	FRANKENIACEAE
427	Ovary 1-locular; leaves and stems with mixed glandular and non-glandular hairs	CAPPARACEAE
	Ovary with 2 or more loculi; plants either glabrous or hairy but hairs not glandular Back to 424	428
428	Sepals 4 and petals 4, stamens usually 6; fruit a siliqua or silicula	BRASSICACEAE
	Sepals and petals 5 or perianth in whorls of 5, stamens 5 or 8; fruit capsular Back to 427	429
429	Ovary 5-locular; flowers blue or yellow; leaves mostly cauline	LINACEAE
	Ovary 3-locular; flowers white or pinkish; leaves mostly basal Back to 428	AIZOACEAE
430	Leaves alternate or all basal	431
	Leaves opposite Back to 387	457
431	Stamens epipetalous	432
	Stamens not epipetalous Back to 430	449
432	Stylar cup around the stigma; anthers fused to each other around style	GOODENIACEAE
	Cup absent; anthers not fused to each other Back to 431	433
433	Flowers unisexual	EBENACEAE
	Flowers bisexual Back to 432	434
434	Milky latex exudes from broken stems or petioles	APOCYNACEAE
	Milky latex absent Back to 433	435
435	Shrubs with leaves longitudinally veined; leaves scleromorphic	ERICACEAE-STYPHELIOIDEAE
	Either leaves not longitudinally veined, or if leaves with >1 longitudinal vein then leaves herbaceous Back to 434	436
436	Style more or less gynobasic, the ovary lobed; either hairs tubercular, or plants glabrous and succulent; inflorescence cymose	BORAGINACEAE
	Style terminal; tubercular hairs absent and plants not succulent; inflorescence not cymose Back to 435	437
437	Fertile stamens 5, opposite the corolla lobes; 5 staminodes sometimes present also	438
	Stamens 5 or fewer, alternating with the corolla lobes Back to 436	440
438	Staminodes 5, alternating with 5 stamens	SAPOTACEAE
	Staminodes absent Back to 437	439
439	Herbs or scandent shrubs, if the latter then calyx glandular and flowers >10 mm long	PLUMBAGINACEAE
	Trees or shrubs, if shrubs then glandular hairs absent and flowers <10 mm long Back to 438	PRIMULACEAE
440	Ovary 1-locular; ± semi-aquatic herbs either with radical leaves with long petiole and cordate to sagittate lamina, or underground dissected leaves with insect-trapping bladders	441
	Ovary with 2 or more loculi; leaves not dissected or underground leaves with insect-trapping bladders, plants not aquatic Back to 437	442
441	Flowers actinomorphic; stamens 5; bladders absent	MENYANTHACEAE
	Corolla 2-lipped; stamens 2; leaves with bladders Back to 440	LENTIBULARIACEAE
442	Flowers in compact spikes	443
	Inflorescence otherwise Back to 440	444
443	Herbs with leaves in basal rosettes; dense inflorescence solitary on long leafless scapes	PLANTAGINACEAE
	Subshrubs with alternate leaves on branches; inflorescences often clustered near ends of branches Back to 442	SELAGINACEAE
444	Ovary (placenta) oblique in the flower; flowers usually actinomorphic or almost so	SOLANACEAE
	Ovary and placenta straight; flowers actinomorphic or zygomorphic Back to 442	445
445	Herbs, sometimes woody at base	446
	Shrubs or trees Back to 444	448
446	Stamens 4; flowers zygomorphic, corolla usually 2-lipped (stamens 5 in Verbascum and the corolla yellow and the lobes slightly unequal)	SCROPHULARIACEAE
	Stamens 5; flowers actinomorphic Back to 445	447
447	Flowers <15 mm long, solitary or in small axillary clusters	CONVOLVULACEAE
	Flowers >20 mm long, in many-flowered terminal inflorescences Back to 446	POLEMONIACEAE
448	Stamens 4, sometimes with 1 staminode; corolla 2-lipped or flower ± actinomorphic	PLANTAGINACEAE
	Stamens 5; flowers actinomorphic Back to 445	BORAGINACEAE
449	Herbs	450
	Woody plants Back to 431	453
450	Flowers zygomorphic	451
	Flowers actinomorphic Back to 449	452
451	Stamens 5; stylar cup present; fruit a small capsule, <2 cm long, not horned	GOODENIACEAE
	Fertile stamens 2 or 4; stylar cup absent; fruit a horned capsule, >2 cm long Back to 450	MARTYNIACEAE
452	Petals shortly united into a basal tube; cymes few-flowered; prostrate plants	PORTULACACEAE
	Petals free at the base, fused above; either flowers in many-flowered spikes or racemes, or rarely flowers solitary and then plant prostrate; plants usually erect Back to 450	STACKHOUSIACEAE
453	Flowers unisexual	EBENACEAE
	Flowers bisexual or polygamous Back to 449	454
454	Stamens 10, anthers dehiscing by terminal pores; calyx enlarging in fruit	ERICACEAE
	Stamens 5 or 10, anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits; calyx not enlarging in fruit Back to 453	455
455	Ovary 1- or 2-locular; stamens 5	456
	Ovary usually 5-locular; stamens 10; stems and leaves covered with peltate scales Back to 454	RUTACEAE
456	Ovary 1-locular, ovules 2; fruit an indehiscent drupe	568
	Ovary incompletely 2-locular, ovules several; fruit dehiscing by 2 valves Back to 455	PITTOSPORACEAE
457	Style gynobasic or at least style arising between the 4 lobes of the ovary; fruit consisting of 4 nutlets	LAMIACEAE
	Style terminal on the ovary; fruit variable, rarely of 4 nutlets Back to 430	458
458	Corolla tube split to base on one side	PORTULACACEAE
	Corolla tube not split to base Back to 457	459
459	Stamens fewer than the corolla lobes	460
	Stamens equal in number to the corolla lobes or more numerous Back to 458	466
460	Stamens 2 and the flowers actinomorphic	OLEACEAE
	Stamens more than 2 or if 2 the flowers zygomorphic Back to 459	461
461	Ovary with 1 or 2 basal ovules per loculus; fruit either of 4 nutlets each with or without a succulent layer, or drupaceous	462
	Ovules numerous in each loculus; fruit dry Back to 460	463
462	Plants either glabrous or hairy and then hairs simple or T-shaped	VERBENACEAE
	Plants usually densely hairy; hairs much-branched Back to 461	LAMIACEAE
463	Leaves with glandular hairs; fruit prominently hardened	464
	Leaves without glandular hairs; fruit not hardened Back to 461	465
464	Fruit indehiscent, without horns, <2 cm long	PEDALIACEAE
	Fruit dehiscent, horned, >2 cm long Back to 463	MARTYNIACEAE
465	Seeds attached to placentas by hooked processes	ACANTHACEAE
	Seeds not attached by hooked processes Back to 463	SCROPHULARIACEAE
466	Milky or yellowish latex exudes from cut or broken stems or petioles	467
	Milky or yellowish latex usually absent Back to 459	468
467	Pollen aggregated into 2–4 pollinia; fruit always a pair of dehiscent, green to brownish follicles (sometimes only 1 develops) (formerly Asclepiadaceae)	APOCYNACEAE
	Pollen granular, not aggregated into pollinia; fruit a black or brightly coloured capsule, berry or drupe, rarely a pair of tardily dehiscent follicles Back to 466	APOCYNACEAE
468	Stamens free, 8	RUTACEAE
	Stamens epipetalous, 4–6 Back to 466	469
469	Stamens opposite the corolla lobes	PRIMULACEAE
	Stamens alternating with the corolla lobes Back to 468	470
470	Corolla zygomorphic (sometimes only slightly so); stems often angular	471
	Corolla actinomorphic; stems rarely angular Back to 469	472
471	Stamens 4, in pairs, filaments of unequal length; plants either glabrous or hairy and then hairs simple or T-shaped	VERBENACEAE
	Stamens 4–6, all similar; plants usually densely hairy; hairs much-branched Back to 470	LAMIACEAE
472	Petiole bases connected by a raised line or flap of tissue	LOGANIACEAE
	Connection between petiole bases absent Back to 470	GENTIANACEAE
473	Style terminated by a cup that surrounds the stigma; petals usually with a thickened strip on the back	GOODENIACEAE
	Stylar cup absent; petals without a thickened strip Back to 317	474
474	Tendrils present on stems	CUCURBITACEAE
	Tendrils absent Back to 473	475
475	Either anthers fused around the style, or the anthers sessile and fused to the style	476
	Anthers free from one another and free from the style Back to 474	478
476	Stamens 3–5, the anthers fused around the style	477
	Anthers 2, sessile, fused to the style Back to 475	STYLIDIACEAE
477	Flowers in heads and surrounded by an involucre of bracts, bracts sometimes fused and then forming a burr in fruit	ASTERACEAE
	Flowers neither in heads nor surrounded by involucral bracts; burrs not formed Back to 476	CAMPANULACEAE
478	Leaves opposite and with interpetiolar stipules	479
	Either leaves alternate or if leaves opposite then stipules absent or not interpetiolar Back to 475	480
479	Petals fused into a tube; margins of leaves entire	RUBIACEAE
	Petals free; margins of leaves toothed Back to 478	CUNONIACEAE
480	Flowers aggregated in either heads or head-like umbels with an involucre of bracts	481
	Flowers neither in heads nor in head-like umbels with an involucre of bracts Back to 478	483
481	Leaves not succulent	482
	Leaves succulent Back to 480	PORTULACACEAE
482	Leaves opposite or ± whorled	DIPSACACEAE
	Leaves alternate Back to 481	APIACEAE
483	Leaves succulent or semisucculent; herbs or shrubs	484
	Leaves non-succulent; herbs, shrubs or trees Back to 480	486
484	Corolla present, 4–6-lobed	485
	Corolla not differentiated, perianth present in 1 or 2 whorls, staminodes absent or more often numerous and petaloid Back to 483	AIZOACEAE
485	Staminodes 5, not petaloid; flowers in terminal racemes	PRIMULACEAE
	Staminodes absent; flowers in few-flowered terminal or axillary cymes Back to 484	PORTULACACEAE
486	Either stamens >5 or if 5 then oil dots prominent in leaves (leaves usually aromatic when crushed)	487
	Stamens 5 or fewer and oil dots absent from leaves Back to 483	497
487	Leaves dotted with oil glands; sepals and/or petals sometimes formed into a calyptra	488
	Leaves without obvious oil glands; calyptra usually not formed (except in some Myrtaceae) Back to 486	489
488	Stamens 5–numerous, all similar, staminodes absent	MYRTACEAE
	Stamens numerous, inner stamens sterile, petaloid, outer stamens fertile Back to 487	EUPOMATIACEAE
489	Flowers unisexual; vegetative buds scaly, sharply pointed; stipules present	NOTHOFAGACEAE
	Flowers bisexual; vegetative buds generally not scaly; stipules absent Back to 487	490
490	Styles free, 2 or more	491
	Style simple Back to 489	492
491	Styles usually 5; leaves alternate; fruit usually fleshy (formerly Malaceae)	ROSACEAE
	Styles 2; leaves opposite or apparently whorled; fruit dry (formerly Baueraceae) Back to 490	CUNONIACEAE
492	Stamens >10; shrubs or trees, various habitats	493
	Stamens 10 or fewer; herbs or trees, not in rainforest Back to 490	495
493	Fruit ± succulent, drupaceous or a berry; shrubs or trees in rainforest	494
	Fruit dry, capsular; trees, rarely in rainforest Back to 492	MYRTACEAE
494	Leaves alternate, toothed	SYMPLOCACEAE
	Leaves opposite, entire Back to 493	MYRTACEAE
495	Stamens all similar, filaments not jointed	496
	Stamens not all similar, 5 larger, filaments articulated Back to 492	MELASTOMATACEAE
496	Herbs; calyx and corolla present; fruit a capsule	ONAGRACEAE
	Shrubs; perianth in 1 whorl; fruit a berry Back to 495	LORANTHACEAE
497	Flowers in umbels (sometimes 2-flowered in Xanthosia); carpels usually 2	498
	Flowers not in umbels; carpels variable Back to 486	499
498	Epigynous disc usually swelling at the base of the styles on the fruit; mostly herbs, occasionally small shrubs; glabrous, or if pubescent not stellate-pubescent	APIACEAE
	Epigynous disc not swelling; shrubs or trees, stellate-pubescent Back to 497	ARALIACEAE
499	Flowers minute (1–2 mm long), in leaf axils	HALORAGACEAE
	Flowers larger and in expanded inflorescences or solitary and terminal Back to 497	500
500	Herbs or subshrubs; corolla blue to purple or red	501
	Shrubs or trees; corolla neither blue to purple nor red Back to 499	502
501	Flowers ± solitary, blue, calyx not pappus-like; widespread, native species	CAMPANULACEAE
	Flowers in dense terminal clusters, calyx pappus-like, flowers red or white; cultivated plants, rarely naturalized Back to 500	VALERIANACEAE
502	Leaves palmately lobed; stout, curved spines present at most nodes	GROSSULARIACEAE
	Leaves not palmately lobed; spines absent Back to 500	503
503	Stamens alternating with the sepals (or perianth segments if only 1 whorl present)	504
	Stamens opposite the sepals Back to 502	505
504	Stipules present (sometimes minute); leaves alternate, hairy, hairs often stellate; fruit a capsule	RHAMNACEAE
	Stipules absent; leaves opposite or subopposite, glabrous or almost so; fruit a drupe Back to 503	SANTALACEAE
505	Domatia numerous; ovary 1-locular	CORNACEAE
	Domatia absent; ovary mostly 2–5-locular, rarely 1-locular Back to 503	506
506	Shrubs (sometimes single-stemmed) with stellate hairs; ovary usually 2-locular	ARALIACEAE
	Shrubs or trees, glabrous or pubescent with simple or T-shaped hairs; ovary 1–5-locular Back to 505	507
507	Native rainforest species; leaves alternate or opposite with toothed margins; flowers <5 mm long	508
	Garden escapes, not in rainforest; leaves opposite with margins entire or toothed; flowers >8 mm long Back to 506	509
508	Leaves opposite or alternate, glabrous or silvery-hairy on lower surface; fruit blackish, 2–5-locular and many-seeded or if 1-locular and 1-seeded then leaves opposite	566
	Leaves alternate, sparsely hairy on lower surface; fruit red, 1-locular and 1-seeded Back to 507	ARGOPHYLLACEAE
509	Fruit 2–5-locular, many-seeded; leaves either entire or lobed, or if toothed then flowers enclosed by coloured bracts >10 mm long	CAPRIFOLIACEAE
	Fruit 1-locular, 1-seeded; leaves toothed but flowers not enclosed by bracts Back to 507	ADOXACEAE
510	Leaves usually with an open sheath that surrounds the stem and a ligule usually present at the top of the sheath although often much reduced; flowers enclosed by a palea and lemma and variously arranged into spikelets	POACEAE
	Leaves lacking a sheath and ligule; flowers not enclosed by a palea and lemma and arranged into spikelets Back to 254	511
511	Leaves on adult plants reduced to open sheaths on the aerial stems (sheath sometimes bears a small ± linear lamina)	RESTIONACEAE
	Leaves on adult plants not reduced to open sheaths on the aerial stems Back to 510	512
512	Plants arborescent	513
	Plants herbaceous Back to 511	519
513	Leaves compound	ARECACEAE
	Leaves simple Back to 512	514
514	Stems branched several times; plants with stilt roots	PANDANACEAE
	Stems unbranched, or if branched then stilt roots absent Back to 513	515
515	Leaf bases persistent on the stem	XANTHORRHOEACEAE
	Leaf bases not persistent on the stem Back to 514	516
516	Perianth segments <2 cm long; ovary superior; leaves not succulent and spinescent	ASTELIACEAE
	Perianth segments >2 cm long; ovary inferior or rarely superior; leaves often succulent and/or spinescent Back to 515	517
517	Inflorescence paniculate, spreading; perianth white to yellowish or rarely red; leaves with margins toothed, often spinose and apex spinose	518
	Inflorescence capitate or racemose; perianth red or bright pink; leaves entire, apex not spinose but with a drip tip Back to 516	DORYANTHACEAE
518	Scape usually >1.5 m high; flowers white to yellowish	AGAVACEAE
	Scape <1 m high; flowers red Back to 517	ASPHODELACEAE
519	Leaves with reticulate venation; main veins often longitudinal	520
	Leaves with parallel venation Back to 512	522
520	Leaves with petiole as long as or longer than the lamina	521
	Leaves with petiole shorter than the lamina Back to 519	ORCHIDACEAE
521	Flowers in dense cylindrical spikes surrounded by a spathe	ARACEAE
	Flowers in loose panicles or racemes Back to 520	ALISMATACEAE
522	Leaves 4–10 cm wide	523
	Leaves <4 cm wide Back to 519	527
523	Inflorescence borne among, or slightly exceeding, the leaves; leaves cauline, differentiated into a circular open sheath that surrounds the stem and the lamina, midrib present; stamen 1	524
	Inflorescence borne on a scape much longer than the leaves, often 1–3 m high; leaves radical, without a circular sheath, dilated at the base; stamens 6 Back to 522	525
524	Leaves 2-ranked and with a ligule at junction of sheath and lamina, lateral veins almost parallel to the midrib; anthers with 2 fertile loculi	ZINGIBERACEAE
	Leaves not 2-ranked, ligule absent, lateral veins pinnate; anthers with 1 fertile loculus Back to 523	CANNACEAE
525	Inflorescence paniculate, spreading; leaves with margins and apex spinose	AGAVACEAE
	Inflorescence capitate or racemose; leaves entire, not spinose Back to 523	526
526	Flowers actinomorphic, perianth red or bright pink	DORYANTHACEAE
	Flowers zygomorphic, perianth white to yellowish, sometimes with darker markings Back to 525	ORCHIDACEAE
527	Leaves well developed, green and scattered along the aerial stem and branches; flowers usually axillary or in small terminal inflorescences; underground stems generally not well developed	528
	Leaves all or mostly basal or reduced and bract-like along the aerial stems; flowers commonly borne on a ± leafless scape; underground stems well developed, usually modified into bulbs, corms, tubers or rhizomes Back to 522	537
528	Mat-forming perennials of damp alpine flats	ANTHERICACEAE
	Plants not forming mats in alpine areas Back to 527	529
529	Stamen 1, fused to the style and stigma to form the column; staminodes sometimes present; one petal (labellum) different from, and more conspicuous than the others	ORCHIDACEAE
	Stamens 3–6; stamens not fused to the style and stigma to form the column; and flowers not modified with one petal different from others Back to 528	530
530	Leaves with a closed basal sheath that encircles the stem; lamina herbaceous, semi-succulent or scleromorphic; ovary superior	531
	Closed sheath absent; leaves scleromorphic or herbaceous; ovary superior or inferior Back to 529	532
531	Fruit usually a capsule, sometimes a nut but then not suspended by filaments; petals coloured; leaves herbaceous or semisucculent, ligule absent	COMMELINACEAE
	Fruit a nut, may be suspended by persistent anther filaments; petals not differentiated; leaves scleromorphic, scabrous and often ligulate Back to 530	CYPERACEAE
532	Leaves with petiole twisted 180°, >10 mm long; ovary inferior	ALSTROEMERIACEAE
	Leaves with petiole <10 mm long or lamina sessile, petiole not conspicuously twisted; ovary superior Back to 530	533
533	Flowers unisexual; leaves scleromorphic	LOMANDRACEAE
	Flowers bisexual (rarely unisexual and then the leaves herbaceous); leaves usually herbaceous, rarely scleromorphic Back to 532	534
534	Filaments densely bearded or with a conspicuous swelling below the anthers; perianth commonly blue, rarely cream; plants >30 cm high	PHORMIACEAE
	Filaments neither bearded nor with a conspicuous swelling below the anthers; perianth usually cream or lilac; plants usually <30 cm high Back to 533	535
535	Fruit a capsule; flowers in few-flowered cymes or umbels or if solitary then flowers sessile or terminal, rarely axillary and stalked	536
	Fruit a berry; flowers solitary, axillary, stalked Back to 534	LUZURIAGACEAE
536	Plants with a corm; leaves either with apex tendril-like or with a tubular sheath encircling the stem and broadening of the basal part of the lamina	COLCHICACEAE
	Plants rhizomatous; leaves not with apex tendril-like or with a tubular sheath Back to 535	UVULARIACEAE
537	Either flowers unisexual and in dense spikes (male above, female below), or flowers covered by glume-like bracts	538
	Flowers not unisexual and in dense spikes (male above, female below), or flowers not covered by glume-like bracts Back to 527	544
538	Flowers unisexual and in dense elongated or globose heads; individual flower pedicels not visible; inflorescence axis visible between clusters but not between individual flowers; individual flowers <5 mm diam	539
	Flowers not unisexual and in dense elongated or globose heads; individual flower pedicels visible; inflorescence axis visible between individual flowers; individual flowers >5 mm diam Back to 537	540
539	Inflorescence dense spike-like; male flowers above, female flowers below, ± separated by a portion of stem	TYPHACEAE
	Inflorescence of dense globose clusters arranged along the axis; upper clusters male, lower clusters female Back to 538	SPARGANIACEAE
540	Petals 3, yellow, conspicuous when expanded but short-lived; sepals 3; flowers subtended by wide imbricate bracts, massed into a globose head; leaf bases dilated and mostly dark red-brown or blackish	XYRIDACEAE
	Perianth segments all similar; inflorescence and leaf bases not as above Back to 538	541
541	Perianth segments >4 mm long; fruit a berry; at least bases of leaves silvery-hairy	ASTELIACEAE
	Perianth segments <3 mm long, membranous or chaffy or perianth lacking; fruit a capsule or a nut; leaf bases green Back to 540	542
542	Perianth members 4 or 6; flowers arranged in dense, convex, button-like heads 6–8 mm diam. on a scape; fruit a capsule	ERIOCAULACEAE
	Perianth lacking or represented by hairs or scales; inflorescence not as above; fruit a capsule or nut Back to 541	543
543	Fruit a dehiscent capsule; tufted annuals with filiform leaves dilated at the base	CENTROLEPIDACEAE
	Fruit an indehiscent nut; habit rarely as above, if similar, then the leaves with closed sheaths encircling the stem Back to 542	CYPERACEAE
544	Ovary superior	545
	Ovary inferior or half-inferior Back to 537	560
545	Perianth of 4 segments; inflorescence spicate	546
	Perianth of 6 segments in 2 whorls, fused or free; inflorescence variable Back to 544	547
546	Stamen 1; flowers zygomorphic, yellow or white, >1 cm long; inflorescence > 20 cm long, flowers spread along axis	PHILYDRACEAE
	Stamens 4; flowers actinomorphic, greenish, <3 mm long; inflorescence c. 15 cm long, flowers crowded at end of peduncle c. 1–2 m long Back to 545	ARACEAE
547	Bulbs present	548
	Bulbs absent, rootstock often a rhizome, tuber or corm Back to 545	550
548	Either plants smelling like onions, or inflorescence umbellate	ALLIACEAE
	Plants not smelling like onions, inflorescence racemose Back to 547	549
549	Scape with one or more leaves; perianth >9 cm long; bulb >5 cm diam	LILIACEAE
	Scape leafless or only leafy at the base; perianth <6 cm long; bulbs <3 cm diam Back to 548	HYACINTHACEAE
550	All flowers unisexual, arranged in branched cymes, spikes or semi-globose heads	XANTHORRHOEACEAE
	Flowers bisexual, rarely some unisexual flowers present Back to 547	551
551	Carpel solitary	LILAEACEAE
	Carpels 3, fused Back to 550	552
552	Perianth greenish to dark red-brown, usually 1–2 mm long; flowers generally in compound cymes or heads; leaves cylindrical, flat or reduced to sheaths	JUNCACEAE
	Perianth white or brightly coloured, >2 mm long; inflorescences and leaves not as above Back to 551	553
553	Style divided into 3 or 6 distinct segments	554
	Style simple, sometimes the stigma shallowly lobed Back to 552	555
554	Style divided into 3 segments; inflorescence umbellate on a scape above the basal leaves; leaves <30 cm long; fruit a 3-lobed capsule	COLCHICACEAE
	Style divided into 6 segments; inflorescence racemose, ± among the leaves; leaves >40 cm long; fruit a 6-lobed berry Back to 553	ASTELIACEAE
555	Perianth segments fused to form a tube longer than the lobes; flowers usually >2.5 cm long	BLANDFORDIACEAE
	Perianth segments ± free; flowers generally <2.5 cm long Back to 553	556
556	Flowers terminal, solitary and sessile; plants forming mats in damp alpine flats	ANTHERICACEAE
	Flowers axillary or if terminal then not solitary and sessile; plants not alpine Back to 555	557
557	Flowers either pedicellate in terminal umbels, or in dense clusters on scapes, or in ± sessile heads (perianth often spirally twisted after flowering)	ANTHERICACEAE
	Inflorescence racemose, commonly unbranched, flowers, or at least some of them separated, at nodes along the inflorescence axes Back to 556	558
558	Filaments dorsifixed, anthers versatile; either leaves fleshy and with spinose teeth, or leaves ± terete, sometimes channelled above	ASPHODELACEAE
	Filaments attached at or near the base of the anthers, anthers not versatile; leaves flat Back to 557	559
559	Anthers dehiscing by apical pores	PHORMIACEAE
	Anthers dehiscing by longitudinal slits Back to 558	ANTHERICACEAE
560	Stamens 6	561
	Stamens 3 or fewer Back to 544	562
561	Inflorescence umbellate, rarely flowers solitary on leafless scape; bulbs present	AMARYLLIDACEAE
	Inflorescence shortly racemose, spicate or the flowers solitary; corms or rhizomes present Back to 560	HYPOXIDACEAE
562	Stamens 3, free from the style; perianth variable, but not as below	563
	Stamen 1, fused to the style and stigma to form the column; staminodes sometimes present; one petal (labellum) usually different from, and more conspicuous than the others Back to 560	ORCHIDACEAE
563	Ovary half-inferior; perianth not petaloid, purple-black; underground parts of the plant usually orange or reddish	HAEMODORACEAE
	Ovary inferior; perianth petaloid, generally not purple-black; underground parts of the plant not conspicuously orange or reddish Back to 562	564
564	Ovary and fruit winged; flowers on one side of a once-forked cyme; flowers actinomorphic, perianth blue; leaves often <5 cm long	BURMANNIACEAE
	Ovary and fruit not winged; inflorescence spicate or racemose, rarely cymose or flowers solitary; flowers zygomorphic or actinomorphic, perianth variously coloured, occasionally blue; leaves >5 cm long Back to 563	IRIDACEAE
565	Ovary inferior	ARALIACEAE
	Ovary superior Back to 262	BERBERIDACEAE
566	Leaves silvery-hairy on lower surface	ARGOPHYLLACEAE
	Leaves opposite or alternate, glabrous on lower surface Back to 508	ESCALLONIACEAE
567	Ovary 1–2-locular	ESCALLONIACEAE
	Ovary 4–5-locular Back to 417	ROUSSEACEAE
568	Domatia pit-like, mostly in forks of secondary veins; inflorescences corymbose panicles; anthers versatile; seed not grooved	PENNANTIACEAE
	Domatia pocket-like, usually confined to axils along primary veins; inflorescences thyrsoid; anthers not versatile; seed grooved Back to 456	CARDIOPTERIDACEAE

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